As a matter of fact, the baseline mean FSS score of the Selleck Caspase inhibitor placebo group was significantly higher than that of the modafinil group. The study by Sevy and colleagues included patients with a severity score of at least 4 on the fatigue component of the Clinical Global

Impressions (CGI), which means that they were moderately ill [Sevy et al. 2005]. The modafinil dose was limited to 200 mg/day Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and the study duration was 8 weeks. There was an overall reduction in fatigue in both the placebo and modafinil group that did not differ between the groups. Unfortunately, also in this study the baseline FSS score of the placebo group was significantly higher (50.6) than that of the modafinil-treated group (39.7). Two RCTs of armodafinil addition in patients with schizophrenia treated with antipsychotic drugs show similar results on fatigue and sleepiness. The study by Kane and colleagues included 60 patients in a 4-week RCT [Kane et al. 2010]. The 60 patients were assigned into four conditions: a placebo condition, and three conditions with different study Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical dosages of armodafinil, 50 mg/day, 100 mg/day and 200 mg/day. The ESS scores were not significantly reduced in the armodafinil conditions compared with the placebo condition. Bobo and colleagues conducted a 6-week RCT of 150 mg armodafinil addition

in 60 antipsychotic-treated patients witch schizophrenia or schizoaffective Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical disorder [Bobo et al. 2011]. ESS and FSS score changes Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical did not differ significantly in the armodafinil condition compared with the placebo condition. The evidence on modafinil and armodafinil as an effective add-on therapy to antipsychotic drugs to treat fatigue, sleepiness and inactivity is inconclusive. In the reviewed studies the sample sizes were small. Moreover, inclusion criteria, dose of modafinil and

armodafinil, study duration and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical assessment instruments differed substantially between the different studies. Cognitive functioning Do modafinil and/or armodafinil ameliorate cognitive functions in patients suffering from schizophrenia? The main cognitive disabilities in patients with schizophrenia are deficits in executive functioning. A test for executive function is the attentional set shifting (intradimensional–extradimensional [ID/ED]) task. Administration of subchronic phencyclidine (PCP) to rats is used as an animal model for executive functioning deficits in schizophrenia. When PCP was administrated Rutecarpine to rats an ID/ED shift deficit was induced and when these rats were treated with modafinil, the ID/ED shift deficit improved significantly [Dawson et al. 2010; Goetghebeur and Dias, 2009; Pedersen et al. 2009]. Neuroimaging showed that acute modafinil treatment effectively reversed distinct PCP-induced alterations in overt cerebral metabolism in the anterior prelimbic cortex, the retrosplenial cortex and the medial prelimbic cortex (layer 1).