pneumoniae, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis which are potential AOM bacterial pathogens were below 0.6 for three main pathogens 7., 8., 9. and 10.. It was concluded that correlation between NP flora and MEF culture is insufficient to predict etiology of AOM in an individual patient. On the contrary in all these studies a high negative predictive value (NPV) was documented for these pathogens, so on the basis of the absence of a pathogen in NP culture it is possible to predict its absence in MEF 7., 8., 9. and 10.. There were no such studies carried neither in Poland nor in any other country in Central Europe. Therefore it was reasonable to perform such investigation in

Poland just before introduction Palbociclib cost of anti-pneumococcal conjugated vaccines in the national vaccine schedule and have also an occasion to look into current NP ecology and AOM etiology in Poland. The prospective study was performed

in 118 children: 48 girls and 70 boys at the age between 1 and 18 months in which 123 episodes of AOM were diagnosed. None of these children were vaccinated against Streptococcus pneumonia. Acute otitis media was initially diagnosed and treated in outpatient clinic or in the hospital by an attending pediatrician or a family doctor and in all cases diagnosis was confirmed by otolaryngologist before tympanocentesis. The AOM diagnosis based on findings of rapid onset of acute inflammatory Anticancer Compound Library in vitro disease with otalgia or symptoms suggesting otalgia (in small infants) and signs of upper respiratory infection. Otalgia was presumed when an infant awoke screaming, cried during feeding or was continuously irritable, unable to sleep. Other common symptoms were: anorexia, vomiting

and fever. They were nearly always accompanied or preceded by signs of upper respiratory tract infection: runny nose, congested throat and cough. AOM was diagnosed otoscopically when tympanic membrane was congested, thickened and bulging. The following indications for tympanocenthesis were considered: particularly intense bulging Celecoxib assessed by OTL being at risk of spontaneous perforation, very strong otalgia, non- responding effectively to analgesics, high fever, vomiting and deterioration of general status. Any case could have been defined neither as recurrent or persistent otitis media. NP samples were taken with cotton-tipped sterile wire swabs from the depth of nasopharyngeal cavity trying to avoid contact with nasal vestibulum. Tympanocentesis and NP swab were performed only by OTL (WJ or WM). The aspirated MEF and NP swabs were cultured on liquid medium (sucrose bullion) and on solid mediums (chocolate, McConkey’s, Columbia blood agar). The isolates were cultured in oxygen and in 5% CO2 milieu. Isolated bacterial strains were identified with routine methods with application API tests (NH, 20E STREPT, STAPH 2 ONE BIOMERIEUX).