The guinea-pigs were observed twice daily for 5 days, for the general activity level, consistency of stool passed into the drop pan of their Ixazomib price cages and the nature of blood or mucus observed in the feces. Rectal swabs were taken daily and plated onto Hektoen enteric agar (Difco) and MacConkey agar (Difco) to identify shedding of the challenge organisms. Isolated colonies were confirmed by slide agglutination with appropriate antisera (Denka Seiken Co. Ltd, Japan). Rectal temperature was measured using a mercury thermometer and the body weight was recorded using a digital balance. The animals were sacrificed by an intravenous injection of euthanasia solution

(Starfil Lab Pvt Ltd, India) and the intestinal tissues were taken for a colonization assay and histological tests. The overnight growth of S. dysenteriae 1 (NT4907) and S. flexneri 2a (B294) was scrapped off from TSA and suspended in PBS and centrifuged (10 min, 10 000 g). The resulting pellet was washed twice and resuspended in PBS. The bacterial suspension was adjusted to an OD600 nm of 1.5. Organisms were heat-killed at 100 °C for 1 h, washed twice after centrifugation and resuspended in PBS. The suspension was adjusted again to OD600 nm 1.5 and was stored at −80 °C till use for oral immunization. OD 1.5 corresponded to 107 CFU mL−1. Two groups (eight animals in each) were used for

oral immunization with heat-killed S. dysenteriae 1 and S. flexneri 2a. Oral immunization was performed according to the method of see more Sack et al. (1988). Guinea-pigs were anesthetized using a mixture of ketamine (35 mg kg−1 of body weight) and xylazine (5 mg kg−1 of body weight). Guinea-pigs were orally immunized with 107 CFU of heat-killed Shigella strains in l mL of PBS under anesthesia. Control guinea-pigs were treated with sterile P-type ATPase PBS instead of heat-killed immunogens. The immunization schedule was followed on the 0, 7th, 14th and 21st day. After four successive oral immunizations, both immunized and PBS control guinea-pigs were challenged on the 35th day with wild-type S. dysenteriae 1 (NT4907) and S. flexneri 2a (B294) strains. The challenge experiment was performed with the direct

introduction of live virulent shigellae (1 mL of 109 CFU) into the cecocolic junction after ligation of the distal cecum. The animals were observed for the development of typical shigellosis till 48 h. Blood was collected from the foot vein on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 and the sera were separated and stored at −80 °C. From both the groups, stool samples were collected from the drop pan two times daily for 2 consecutive days after the challenge (i.e. days 36 and 37). After 48 h of the luminal challenge of both immunized and control groups, the animals were sacrificed by an intravenous injection of euthanasia solution and the intestinal tissues were taken for colonization and histological examinations. Intestinal lavage from guinea-pigs was collected following the method of Orr et al.