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“Germline transformation with transposon vectors is an important tool for insect genetics, but progress in developing transformation

protocols for butterflies has been limited by high post-injection ova mortality. Here we present an improved glass injection needle design for injecting butterfly ova that increases survival in three Nymphalid butterfly species. Using the needles to genetically transform the common buckeye butterfly Junonia coenia, the hatch rate for injected Junonia ova was 21.7%, the transformation learn more rate was 3%, and the overall experimental efficiency was 0.327%, a substantial improvement over previous results in other butterfly species. Improved needle design and a higher efficiency of transformation should permit the deployment of transposon-based genetic tools in a broad range of less fecund lepidopteran species.”
“A sensitive, reliable this website and accurate

reversed-phased liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in negative ion mode was developed and validated for the quantification of tenuifolin in rat plasma and tissue. A single step protein precipitation by methanol was used to prepare plasma and tissue homogenate samples. Tenuifolin and polydatin (internal standard, IS) were separated by HPLC using a C18 column and an isocratic mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and water containing 0.05% formic acid (42:58, v/v) running at a flow rate of 0.2 ml/min for 6 min. Detection

and quantification were performed using a mass spectrometer by the multiple reaction BLZ945 molecular weight monitoring (MRM) in negative electrospray ionization mode. The transition monitored were m/z [M-H](-) 679.4 – bigger than 455.4 for tenuifolin and m/z [M-H](-) 389.0 – bigger than 227.2 for IS. respectively. Calibration curves were recovered over a concentration range of 0.5-1000 ng/ml for plasma, heart, liver, lung and kidney, 0.5-200 ng/ml for spleen, and 0.5-50 ng/ml for brain, respectively. The lower limit of quantification was 0.5 ng/ml for plasma and tissue homogenates. The inter-day precision (R.S.D.) was less than 12.9% and intra-day precision R.S.D. was less than 13.4%, while the inter-day accuracy (RE.) was ranged from -7.20 to 6.87% and intra-day accuracy (R.E.) was ranged from -6.20 to 8.04% in plasma and tissue homogenates. This method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution study of pure tenuifolin in rat. The pharmacokinetic study indicated that poor absorption into systemic circulation was observed after rat was administered orally tenuifolin, and the absolute bioavailability was low (0.83 +/- 0.28%). The results of tissue distribution showed the higher tenuifolin concentrations were found in liver, kidney and heart, and the small amount of drug was distributed quickly into the brain tissue at 5 min after the intravenous injection of tenuifolin.