1). In addition, the metabolic pathway (2) of heptachlor in our study also has been found in soil by Carter et al. (1971). In our experiments, the dechlorination buy Ganetespib products of heptachlor, such as chlordene and chlordene epoxide, were not detected from cultures of these Phlebia strains. Heptachlor epoxide, the most predominant metabolite of heptachlor, is more stable than heptachlor itself and the other metabolites (Lu et al., 1975). Only limited information has been

reported on the biodegradation of heptachlor epoxide by microorganisms. Miles et al. (1971) reported that a mixed culture of soil microorganisms obtained from a sandy loam soil could transform heptachlor epoxide to the less-toxic 1-hydroxychlordene, but the mechanism for the conversion of heptachlor epoxide was not determined; the degradation rate was about 1% per week during the 12-week test period. Kataoka et al. (2010) also described that the biodegradation of heptachlor epoxide by a soil fungus, Mucor racemosus strain DDF, which was isolated from a soil with annual endosulfan applications; however, the detection of metabolite

is not described in this paper. In contrast to soil microorganisms, white rot fungi such as P. brevispora and P. acanthocystis exhibited higher levels of degradation activity to heptachlor epoxide and two new metabolic pathways of heptachlor Roxadustat epoxide in selected fungi were proposed in this experiments: hydroxylation at the 1 position Gefitinib solubility dmso to 1-hydroxy-2,3-epoxychlordene and hydrolysis at the epoxide ring to heptachlor diol. To our knowledge, heptachlor diol and 1-hydroxy-2,3-epoxychlordene have not been reported previously as a metabolic product from heptachlor epoxide by bacteria or fungi. Feroz et al. (1990) suggested that Daphnia magna, a freshwater microcrustacean, could metabolize heptachlor and that heptachlor was oxidized to heptachlor epoxide,

followed by cleavage of the epoxide ring to heptachlor diol, which then can be transformed to trihydroxychlordene. A similar metabolic pathway was found in the metabolism of heptachlor in goldfish, Carassius auratus (Feroz & Khan, 1979). Our results first showed the degradation of heptachlor epoxide via hydrolysis at the epoxide ring to produce heptachlor diol by microorganisms. A comparison between our results and those of the papers describing the degradation mechanism of heptachlor epoxide suggested that, in white rot fungi, the metabolism pathway of heptachlor epoxide seems to be similar to that in mammals, and that heptachlor diol might be further degraded. Several Phlebia species are known to produce lignin-degrading extracellular enzyme system. Major components of the lignin-degrading extracellular enzyme system include lignin peroxidases, manganese peroxidases and laccase (Vares et al., 1995; Leontievsky et al., 1997).