2B). In response to M. tb antigen stimulation, QFT-IT plasma IFN-γ, IL-2, and CXCL10 responses were significantly higher in active TB and LTBI groups than in the control group (P < 0.01, Fig. 3A). TB patients also presented higher levels of IL-13 than did the control group although the differences were not significant (P > 0.05). QFT-IT plasma VEGF-A did not differentiate between active TB and LTBI groups unlike serum VEGF-A, and none of the 17 analytes differed between the two groups in

response to M. tb antigens ( Fig. 3A). All cytokines were highly produced in response to mitogen (PHA) without any significant difference between the groups (P > 0.05), suggesting that there were no non-specific immunosuppression effects on the cytokine responses to M. tb antigens BIBF-1120 in the QFT-IT plasma samples ( Fig. 3B). The effect of anti-TB treatment on immune responses was monitored 2 and 6 months after the initiation of anti-TB treatment. In the sera from TB patients, the sCD40L concentration significantly increased along with M. tb clearance in culture at the 2-month

evaluation (P < 0.001, Fig. 4). Increased serum sCD40L concentrations were present in 79% (30 out of 38) of TB patients after 2 and 6 months of treatment. Ribociclib One out of 38 patients at pre-treatment and 6 months post treatment did not have positive sCD40L concentration while all of the 38 patients showed positive sCD40L concentrations (>110 pg/mL) after 2 months of anti-TB treatment ( Supplementary Fig. 2). The proportion of the responders who showed <7000 pg/mL of serum sCD40L at baseline (59.5%; 22 out of 37) was reduced to 18.4% (7 out of 38) and 18.9% (7 out of 37) after 2 and 6 months of treatment, respectively ( Supplementary Fig. 2). Meanwhile, the number of TB patients showing >7000 pg/mL of sCD40L increased from 16 (43.2%) to 32 (86.5%) following anti-TB treatment ( Supplementary Fig. 2).

Serum VEGF-A concentrations were reduced in Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase more than half of TB patients (55.3%; 21 out of 38) after 6 months of treatment, whereas the change in median concentrations between pre- and post-treatment was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Sera concentrations of the other analytes, including IFN-γ, did not change during anti-TB treatment in 38 TB patients ( Fig. 4). In the QFT-IT plasma obtained from active TB patients, the IFN-γ responses were dramatically decreased in 85.7% (12 out of 14) of the TB patients after 2 months of treatment. Eight out of the 12 patients showed confirmed M. tb in culture at diagnosis while M. tb clearance was observed along with the reduced IFN-γ responses at 2 months post treatment. Additionally, all patients showed reduced IFN-γ responses post-treatment (P < 0.001, Fig. 5). Eight out of 14 TB patients showed positive TNF-α responses at baseline and the TNF-α responses decreased in all of the responders after 2 months of treatment (P < 0.05, Fig. 5). Furthermore, 69.2% (9 out of 13) and 58.