4% for intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis and 877% for per-protoc

4% for intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis and 87.7% for per-protocol (PP) analysis. The rates were statistically

significantly higher than those in Group Lev (66.2% and 72.6%) (p < 0.05). There were no severe adverse effects found in these two groups. Conclusions:  Fourteen-day quadruple therapy with a combination of proton-pump inhibitor, bismuth citrate, furazolidone, and rufloxacin is considered an effective and safe rescue therapy for H. pylori eradication after failure of standard triple treatment. "
“Background and Aims:  Fluoroquinolone-containing regimens have been suggested as an alternate to standard triple therapy for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections. To determine the relationship between fluoroquinolone resistance and mutations of GyrA and GyrB in H. pylori, we Selleck BVD-523 exchanged the mutations at positions 87and 91 of

MAPK inhibitor GyrA among fluoroquinolone-resistant clinical isolates. GyrB of a strain with no mutations in GyrA was also analyzed to identify mechanisms of resistance to norfloxacin. Materials & Methods:  Natural transformation was performed using the amplified fragment of the gyrA and gyrB gene as donor DNA. The amino acid sequences of GyrA and GyrB were determined by DNA sequencing of the gyrA and gyrB genes. Results:  Norfloxacin-resistant strains which had mutations at position 87 and 91 became susceptible when the mutations were converted to the wild type. When the mutation from Asp to Asn at position 91 was exchanged to the mutation from Asn to

Lys at position 87, the MIC to levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, and sitafloxacin increased. Norfloxacin-resistant strain TS132 with no mutations in GyrA but had a mutation at position 463 in GyrB. Transformants obtained by natural transformation using gyrB DNA of TS132 had a mutation at position 463 of GyrB and revealed resistant to norfloxacin and levofloxacin. Conclusion:  Mutation from Asn to Lys at position 87 of GyrA confers higher resistance to levofloxacin and gatifloxacin than does mutation selleckchem from Asp to Asn at position 91. We propose that mutation at position 463 in GyrB as a novel mechanism of fluoroquinolone resistance in H. pylori. “
“Background:  The relationship between H. pylori infection and anemia in childhood is still unclear. The aim of the study was to examine the association between H. pylori infection and anemia or iron deficiency in school-age children and in infants. Materials and Methods:  Six- to 9- year-old Israeli Arab children (N = 202) and infants (N = 197) were examined for hemoglobin and ferritin levels. ELISA was used to detect H. pylori antigens in stool specimens collected from the participants. Household characteristics were obtained through personal interviews with the mothers. Results:  The prevalence of anemia was 15.5 versus 5.5% in H. pylori-positive and -negative school-age children, respectively and 34.5 versus 29.8% in H. pylori-positive and -negative infants, respectively.

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