All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the most common malignancies, with an increasing incidence in China [1]. Despite surgical and locoregional therapies, the prognosis remains poor because of local invasion and the high rate of intra-hepatic and distant metastases after resection or transplantation [2]. Invasion and 7-Cl-O-Nec1 metastasis have become major challenges that must be overcome for the effective treatment selleck chemical of HCC. Thus, advances in treatments for this disease are
likely to develop from a better understanding of the mechanisms of invasion and metastasis. In HCC, tissue oxygenation measurements have revealed large areas of hypoxic tissue, and the expression of hypoxic AZD5582 manufacturer markers has been correlated with rapid invasion and metastasis, short overall survival, and short time to recurrence. It has been established that hypoxia is an important micro-environmental factor in prompting tumor invasion and metastasis [3]. Under hypoxic conditions, cells invasion and metastasis involve several
sequential steps and a large number of altered molecules (such as cytokines, chemokines and their receptors, and growth factors) [4, 5]. However, the precise and key molecular events that initiate this crucial turning point remain unknown, and this knowledge gap can lead to delays in diagnosis
and poor treatment. The Tg737 gene (GenBank: U203621) is an important tumor suppressor gene in HCC [6]. In a previous investigation, we showed that loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the Tg737 gene at markers SHGC-57879 and G64212 closely correlates with tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage and with HCC metastasis, indicating that these two markers can be detected independently and used to predict tumor stage and metastasis in HCC patients [7]. We MRIP further found that reduced expression of Tg737 greatly promotes cell invasion and hepatocarcinogenesis of fetal liver stem/progenitor cells (FLSPCs) [8]. Based on the above findings, we hypothesized that Tg737 might play an important role in HCC invasion and metastasis. However, whether Tg737 plays a role in hypoxia-induced invasion and migration of HCC cells has not been reported. It is of paramount importance to gain this knowledge, not only to increase our understanding of tumor biology but also to permit the development of specific therapies that effectively target HCC. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Tg737 correlates with hypoxia-induced HCC invasion and metastasis and to determine the underlying mechanisms of invasion and metastasis under hypoxic conditions.