Although not as pathogenic as Ancylostoma caninum, heavy infections in young dogs may result in blood loss ( Rep, 1980) and hypoproteinemia ( Miller, 1968). However, the most significant concern with A. braziliense is its ability to cause cutaneous larva migrans in both dogs ( Vetter and Leegwater-vd Linden, 1977, Vetter and van der Linden, 1977a, Vetter and van der Linden, 1977b and Bowman et al., 2010) and humans ( Brenner and Patel, Talazoparib molecular weight 2003, Patel et al., 2008 and Purdy et al., 2011). Of the hookworm larvae,

A. braziliense tends to be more invasive by cutaneous penetration and shows the greatest enzyme activity for breaking down structures of the skin ( Hotez et al., 1992), thus allowing the larvae to enter by direct contact with intact skin and mucous membranes. Not only has A. braziliense been associated with cutaneous Dinaciclib chemical structure larva migrans in humans, but also migration to the lungs ( Butland and Coulson, 1985) and oral mucosa ( Damante et al., 2011). Even though the parasite is more common in the tropical regions of the world, it has also been reported in non tropical settings ( Herbener and Borak, 1988), suggesting the need for control outside the areas typically considered endemic. Therefore, effective control of A. braziliense in dogs is important because

of its potential pathogenicity in dogs and zoonotic potential for cutaneous larva migrans in humans. Milbemycin oxime is a macrocyclic lactone that is efficacious against infections of A. caninum ( Blagburn et al., 1992 and Niamatali et al., 1992), but no studies have been done specifically investigating effectiveness against A. braziliense. We hypothesized that milbemycin oxime would be over 90% efficacious when administered as a single treatment to dogs infected with A. braziliense. The study was a randomized, blinded, placebo controlled laboratory study using

naturally infected dogs conducted in compliance with GCP (VICH GL9), South African animal welfare regulations, as stipulated in the “National Code for Animal Use in Research, Education, Phosphoprotein phosphatase Diagnosis and Testing of Drugs and Related Substances in South Africa”. The protocol was submitted to the ClinVet Animal Ethics Committee (CAEC), the composition of which was in compliance with the National Code, for approval. In addition, the protocol was reviewed and approved by the Novartis Animal Health US, Inc. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Thirty-six hookworm infected dogs (21 males and 15 females), a minimum of 10 weeks of age and of any pure or mixed breed were randomly assigned to cages at the beginning of acclimation. Animals were purchased from owners who were fully informed of the nature of the study. Each dog was identified by a unique number on a collar tag. All purchase contracts indicated each animal’s origin and procurement records traceable to each animal by identification number.