Another method for scoring methodological quality may have resulted in different conclusions. Finally, our analysis was based on point estimates of reliability. Including interpretation of the precision

of these estimates would have provided a more detailed perspective. However, only a limited number of included studies presented 95% CI. In the majority of these cases, CI were quite wide suggesting low sample sizes. None of our included studies reported an a priori sample size calculation. We conclude that inter-rater reliability of measurements of passive movements in upper extremity joints varies with the method of measurement. In order to make reliable decisions about joint restrictions in clinical practice, we recommend that clinicians measure passive physiological HKI-272 solubility dmso range of motion using goniometers or inclinometers. Future research should focus on comparing inter-rater reliability of end-feel and accessory movements with passive physiological range of motion assessment, using symptomatic individuals. In addition, more research is needed on the elbow and wrist joints. Careful consideration should be given to

ensuring stability of participants’ and raters’ characteristics during the study and a priori sample sizes should be calculated. Following the STARD statement will also improve the quality of reporting of reliability studies ( Bossuyt et al 2003a, Bossuyt et al 2003b). Finally, new intra-rater reliability studies determining the absolute measurement error (agreement) when measuring passive range of motion in upper extremity joints will provide insight into the amount of change in range Selleck Luminespib needed to indicate an effect of intervention beyond this error. eAddenda: Appendix

1, Appendix 2 available at JoP. physiotherapy.asn.au. “
“Sports bras have been designed to reduce excessive breast motion during physical activity because the tissues supporting breasts – skin overlying the breasts of and fine hairlike ligaments within the breasts called Coopers’ ligaments – offer insufficient support (Haycock 1988, Gehlsen and Stoner 1987, Eichelberger 1981, Mason et al 1999, Lorentzen and Lawson 1987). Although sports bras have been shown to reduce vertical breast displacement and breast discomfort during treadmill running compared to fashion bras or no bra (Gehlsen and Albohm 1980, Lawson and Lorentzen 1990, Lorentzen and Lawson 1987, Mason et al 1999, Haycock 1988), the bras best at limiting vertical breast displacement are also typically rated the most uncomfortable to wear (Lawson and Lorentzen 1990). Furthermore, Bowles et al (2008) reported that only 41% of 20–35 year old females actually wore a sports bra during exercise because they did not feel the need to or had never even considered wearing a sports bra during physical activity. For a bra to be comfortable and provide adequate support, it must fit properly (Page and Steele 1999).