“
“Beggiatoaceae are conspicuous members of

microbial mats at Guaymas Basin, a sedimented mid-ocean spreading center in the Gulf of California ( Jannasch et al., 1989). Hydrothermal fluid percolates to the surface through a complex system of heavily sedimented basaltic sills and dikes underlying the basin ( Albertin, 1989 and Aragón-Arreola et check details al., 2005); subsurface mineral precipitation from these fluids ( Von Damm et al., 1985) can further complicate the flow paths. Sediment geochemistry therefore varies from site to site and over time ( Simoneit et al., 1992 and Sturz et al., 1996), sometimes on time scales of a year or less ( McKay et al., 2012). The rising hydrothermal fluids interact with abundant organic carbon deposited from the surrounding land and productive overlying waters, producing natural gas and petroleum ( Didyk and Simoneit, 1989 and Bazylinski et al., 1988) which likewise migrate toward cooler surface

sediment layers. Some proportion of these is consumed as microbial growth substrates ( Bazylinski et al., 1989, Pearson et al., 2005, Marchand et al., 1994 and Goetz and Jannasch, 1993). Beggiatoaceae mats at Guaymas Basin are found around the stalks of Riftia colonies; in areas of moderate surface BTK inhibitor temperature on the flanks of carbonate structures; and on sediment patches where surface temperatures are moderate (ca. 10–15 °C) but hydrothermal flow supports temperatures of ca. 100 °C at 40 cm depth ( McKay et al., 2012). Orange and white Beggiatoaceae filaments are typically found together in the central portion of mats, where subsurface temperature gradients are steepest, surrounded by mat dominated by white filaments, and then by non-mat covered surfaces ( McKay et al., 2012). Marine Beggiatoaceae filaments collected from tropical, temperate, and Arctic sites and studied in the laboratory each have an optimum temperature for gliding motility ( Dunker et al., 2010), and a strain collected from reef corals has been shown to reverse direction less frequently in zones of high

oxygen or sulfide concentration ( Dunker et al., 2011). These behaviors tend to maintain filaments within a mat, and – given different thresholds Tenofovir for different morphotypes – could also help maintain zonation by filament color. Little is known about the physiology of pigmented versus non-pigmented Beggiatoaceae. White Gulf of Mexico filaments are reported to have RuBisCO (CO2 fixation) activity, whereas colored filaments have little ( Nikolaus et al., 2003 and Wirsen et al., 1992), which would be consistent with greater reliance by the pigmented cells toward the center of sediment-surface mats on hydrocarbons or microbially produced organic compounds from the underlying sediments. The filaments tested were not axenic, however, so carbon dioxide fixation by other bacteria in the samples cannot be ruled out.