(C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“An analysis of the effect of a cosolvent on the association of a solute in solution using the Kirkwood-Buff theory of solutions is presented. The approach builds on the previous results of Ben-Naim by extending the range of applicability to include any number of components at finite concentrations in both closed and

semiopen systems. The derived expressions, which are exact, provide a foundation for the analysis and rationalization of cosolvent effects on molecular and biomolecular equilibria including protein association, aggregation, and cellular crowding. A slightly different view of cellular crowding is subsequently obtained. In particular, it is observed that the addition of large cosolvents still favors the associated form even when traditional excluded volume effects are absent.

(C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3253299]“
“Despite KOS 1022 the current debate about the computational role of experimentally observed precise spike patterns it is still theoretically unclear under which conditions and how they may emerge in neural circuits. Here, we study spiking neural networks with non-additive dendritic interactions that were recently uncovered in single-neuron experiments. We show that supra-additive dendritic interactions enable the persistent propagation of synchronous activity already in purely random networks without superimposed structures and explain Mizoribine the mechanism underlying it. This study adds

a CT99021 supplier novel perspective on the dynamics of networks with nonlinear interactions in general and presents a new viable mechanism for the occurrence of patterns of precisely timed spikes in recurrent networks.”
“Microchip-mass spectrometry (chip-MS) has been emerging as an excellent analytical tool in the analysis of complex biological samples. The microchip can play an important role, as in cell culture and sample-preparation steps prior to mass spectral identification, which benefit from its ability to handle small sample quantities with the potential for high-throughput parallel analysis. We describe recent progress in chip-MS, including approaches that combined microchip devices with electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization. We then review the main applications of chip-MS in proteomics and cell analysis in the past three years. We also look at the implications for the future of the field. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Four new species of presumed troglobitic polydesmidan millipeds in two new genera are described from caves in the states of Arizona, Nevada and California. Pratherodesmus, n. gen., is comprised of the type species, P. voylesi, n. sp., P. ecclesia, n. sp., and P. despaini, n. sp. The genus is found in Arizona and California. Nevadesmus ophimontis, n. gen., n. sp., is from White Pine Co., Nevada; the new genus also includes N.