Despite the increased production of IL-10, no difference was observed between macrophages infected with the two different isolates (Figure 2B). Figure 2 AZD6738 clinical trial PLC-expressing Mycobacterium tuberculosis more efficiently stimulates the cell activation, production of proinflammatory cytokines and NO 2 in alveolar macrophages. Production of (A) the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL6; (B) IL-10, determined by ELISA, and (C) NO, determined by Greiss reaction. (D) check details Quantification of phosphorylated p38, ERK1/2, JNK1/2, and PLC-γ determined by CBA (Cytometric Bead Array), and expressed as U/ mL. # P < 0.0001 for uninfected cells vs. infected cells (97-1505 or 97-1200);

***P < 0.0001; *P < 0.05 (one-way ANOVA). Data are representative of three (A–C) and two (D) independent experiments (error bars, s.e.m.). We also evaluated the ability of PLCs to activate cell-signalling. Kinase proteins are directly associated to cytokine production

www.selleckchem.com/products/anlotinib-al3818.html in pro-inflammatory cell responses to bacterial stimulus [19], including Mtb [20]. Also, considering that other bacterial PLCs were previously reported to trigger host-cell signalling pathways [2, 21], we sought to verify if the mycobacterial isolates from this study differentially activate cell-signalling proteins. Alveolar macrophages infected with both Mtb isolates showed increased phosphorylation of three serine-threonine protein kinases: MAPK p38, ERK1/2, and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase JNK1/2. Notably, the isolate 97-1505 induced higher levels of kinase phosphorylation than 97-1200 after 30 minutes of bacteria–host CYTH4 cell contact. On the other hand, host PLC-γ was not activated

by either isolate (Figure 2D). These data suggest that PLC, as a mycobacterial virulence factor, plays a role in the cell activation and induction of proinflammatory cytokines by alveolar macrophages. PLCs-expressing Mycobacterium tuberculosis impaired COX-2 and PGE2/LTB4 receptor mRNA expression Virulent Mtb uses the control of host-cell death pathways as a strategy to avoid immune response through subversion of host eicosanoid biosynthetic pathways [14]. Thus, to investigate if the PLCs represent a virulence advantage to the bacillus, we next evaluated the expression of mRNA for enzymes and receptors involved in the eicosanoid synthesis, such as 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), 5-LO Activating Protein (FLAP), Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) receptor (BLT1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and the PGE2 receptors EP-2 and EP-4. No differences were observed in 5-LO or FLAP mRNA expression induced by the Mtb isolates. On other hand, the isolate 97-1200 induced higher expression of BLT1 gene (Ltb4r), which is known to bind LTB4 and thus is related to antimicrobial defence (Figure 3C) [16, 17, 22]. Differential expression was also observed for genes related to the PGE2 synthesis pathway.