However, currently these findings cannot exclude the involvement of metabolic/kinetic means whereby DHA may modulate plasma levels/clearance of VPA. This view is also supported by earlier findings that both DHA and VPA can individually evoke kinetic interactions with many other drugs, thereby altering their efficacies [35–38]. Hence, it was indeed both challenging and intriguing to probe these possibilities for the present combination regimen (DHA/VPA). We found that co-treatment with DHA had no effect on serum VPA concentration

at different time intervals, as compared with animals that had received VPA only. Likewise, no significant Enzalutamide solubility dmso statistical difference was observed in the VPA pharmacokinetic parameters generated in the presence and absence of DHA, thus unequivocally indicating that DHA had no effect on clearance rate of VPA. Although

the hepatoprotective effects of DHA were observed with another drug, paracetamol [39], this study not only revealed some molecular underpinnings selleckchem and synergy effects for DHA actions, but also ruled out any sort of kinetic interactions with VPA, an important drug efficacy aspect. Conclusively, DHA is an ideal aide in synergy with VPA that acts via dynamic mechanisms to abate VPA-induced hepatic injury, while also largely enhancing its anticonvulsant effects, thus potentially allowing lower doses of VPA to be applied. Notably also, the known kinetic profiles and safety reports on DHA largely support these findings. Accordingly, it becomes evident that a rational design/exploitation of synergy via the use of phytomedicals should enrich modern pharmacotherapy enough to revolutionize the management of vicious adverse drug reactions, as typically exemplified here by VPA-evoked hepatic injury [40]. Clinically, data

from this study suggest a fruitful drug regimen to reduce hepatic injury. This is Pictilisib manufacturer governed by the capacity of DHA to restore normal liver function and integrity, and to synergize with neuroinhibitory (antiepileptic) effects to enable lower doses of VPA. Together, this combined drug regimen should augment the overall therapeutic index of VPA. Acknowledgments This study was supported in part by a postgraduate fellowship award to (M.A.E1) from Mansoura University, Egypt; and by an American Heart Association Amobarbital SDG grant to (A.A.E-M2). Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited. References 1. El-Mowafy AM, Al-Gayyar MM, El-Mesery ME, Salem HA, Darweish MM. Novel chemotherapeutic and renal protective effects for the green-tea (EGCG): role of oxidative stress and inflammatory-cytokine signaling. Phytomedicine. 2010;17:1067–75.PubMedCrossRef 2. Calder PC.