Moreover, neither pks1 nor pks-nrps1 contains the previously reported 232-bp KS-domain fragment cloned from Natural Product Library manufacturer C. militaris 5050 (Lee et al., 2001).

These findings indicate that C. militaris and related species represent a rich reservoir of novel secondary metabolites. Further exploration of these genes and yet undescribed genes may greatly improve our understanding of the life history of these fungi and the richness of their secondary metabolites. This work was supported by the MPG-CAS Joint Doctoral Promotion Program (DPP) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31170017). We thank D. Spiteller for providing the DSM 1153 strain, laboratory assistance, and helpful discussions. We also thank G. Li, H. Guo and A. Jia for laboratory assistance and C. Wang for helpful discussions. Special thanks are owed to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions. Please note: Wiley-Blackwell is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting materials supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing material) should be directed to the corresponding author PTC124 for the article. Fig. S1. The reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-binding motifs in active and inactive ER domains. Fig. S2. The chemical profiles of extracts from two Cordyceps militaris strains revealed by high-pressure liquid

chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Table S1. Primers used in this study. Table S2. ITS sequences used for the phylogenetic analysis. Table S3. Comparison of the eight amino acid signature sequences in the binding pockets of the A domain of NRPSs, as predicted by NRPS Prediction blast Server, and their known substrates.

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“Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, exploits the Bsa type III secretion system (T3SS) to deliver effector proteins into host cells. These effectors manipulate host cell functions; thus, contributing to the ability of the bacteria to evade the immune response and cause disease. Only two Bsa-secreted effectors Selleckchem C225 have been conclusively identified to date. Here, we report the identification of the third B. pseudomallei type III secreted effector protein, designated BopC. BopC is encoded by the bpss1516 gene abutting bpss1517, which encodes its putative chaperone. The genes are located in the close proximity to the bsa T3SS gene cluster of B. pseudomalleiK96243 (Fig. 1). BopC was secreted into culture supernatant by the wild-type B. pseudomallei strain, but its secretion was abolished in the bsaZ T3SS mutant. Using pull down and co-purification assays, we confirmed that BopC interacts with its putative chaperone, BPSS1517, in vitro. Furthermore, the first 20 N-terminal amino acids of BopC were found to be sufficient to mediate the T3SS-dependent translocation of a reporter protein from a heterologous enteropathogenic Escherichia coli host into mammalian cells.