Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were recorded with a Bruker ARX-600 (Bruker Co., Karlsruhe, Germany) (1H, 600 MHz; 13C, 150 MHz) spectrometer in C5D5N with tetramethylsilane as internal standard. Infrared (IR) spectra on a Bruker Inter-Frame Space (IFS)-55 infrared spectrophotometer (Bruker Co., Karlsruhe, Germany) were recorded in Potassium bromide (KBr) disks. High-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectra (HRESIMS) were recorded on an Agilent 1100 LC-MSD (Mass Spectrometer Detector) TOF (time-of-flight)

system (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, USA) [ionization mode, positive; nebulizing gas (N2) pressure, 35 psi; drying gas (N2) flow, 12 L/min; temp, 325°C; Afatinib solubility dmso capillary voltage, 3,000 V; fragmentor voltage, 225 V]. Gas chromatography

(GC) was performed on the Agilent technologies 6890N apparatus (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, USA) with an OV-17 column (30 m × 0.32 mm). The column temperature was programmed from 80°C to 280°C at a rate of 10°C/min. Nitrogen was used as the carrier gas at 1.5 mL/min. The injector MDV3100 solubility dmso and detector temperature was at 280°C and the injection volume was 1 μL with the split ratio being 10:1. All chemicals and solvents were analytical or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade and purchased from Lab Co. Ltd. (Lab Science and Trade Co., Ltd, Shenyang, China). Reversed-phase preparative HPLC was carried out on an octadecyl silica column [YMC-Pack Octadecylsilyl (ODS) A (YMC Co., Kyoto, Japan) (250 mm × 10 mm, 5 μm)] at 25°C at a flow rate of 3.0 mL/min with the eluent MeOH/H2O 66:34 (HPLC system I), 70:30 (HPLC system II), 75:25 (HPLC system III), 80:20 (HPLC system IV), 82:18 (HPLC system CYTH4 V), or 9:1 (HPLC system VI). Ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometric detection was carried out at 203 nm. P. notoginseng leaves were from

the Yunnan province of the People’s Republic of China and identified by Professor Jincai Lu of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University. Air-dried P. notoginseng leaves (35 kg) were extracted with 70% ethanol (2 × 350 L) and then evaporated under vacuum at 30°C. Ethanol extracts (1.6 kg) were applied on a macroporous resin column (10.5 kg) preconditioned with distilled water. Elution began with water to remove impurities and then with 70% ethanol (100 L) to isolate the saponin fraction, which was dried with a spray dryer to yield the total saponins (1 kg). The total saponin (1 kg) was fractionated by silica gel column (300 mm × 1,600 mm, 30 kg) using a gradient of CH2Cl2/CH3OH (7:1 350 L−4:1 350 L−3:1 350 L) and CH3OH (300 L) to obtain 10 fractions, A−J. Fraction A (18 g) was subjected to chromatography on silica gel (70 mm × 800 mm, 400 g) and then eluted with ligarine and acetone in increasing polarity to yield 10 fractions, A1−A10, compounds 15 (20 mg), 16 (10 mg), and 17 (20 mg).