Stepping through the diverse interactions between coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, and cardiac arrhythmias, the review analyzes thoughtfully the epidemiologic and pathophysiologic interrelationship among these diseases independent of their often common and shared risk factors. Discussion of multiple population studies showing the link between carotid arterial intimal medial thickness and numerous pulmonary function parameters—including FEV1, diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide see more (DLCO), residual
volume (RV), and peak expiratory flow rate—help the reader understand the relationship between the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and COPD. Genetic studies illustrate links between matrix metalloproteinases and glutathione-S-transferase and the development of emphysema and plaque rupture. In addition, discussion of the epidemiologic outcomes of patients with both COPD and cardiovascular disease illustrate the poor prognostic implication of these overlapping clinical entities and provide opportunities for future research and public health interventions.
Overall, this in-depth review of COPD steps through emerging research of risk factors for disease, attempts and challenges of better describing and categorizing this disease, as well as the comorbid conditions associated with COPD as we continue to learn about the complexities of this trans-isomer ic50 systemic syndrome. This series not only celebrates how far we have come since our early descriptions and definitions of disease, but also it highlights how much is still unknown, and reveals many potential areas for future research. It is likely that in the decades to come our current understanding of COPD will continue to change and evolve just as it has during the past decade. Many different areas of research as well as varied study designs will be required to understand more completely this disease that varies throughout a population and among individuals during their life span. The current set of reviews provides a framework for areas that are ripe for future investigation as well as points out
the challenges with which clinical and translational research communities are faced as we further our understanding of this complex, common clinical entity. “
“The affiliation for Brian T. Layden in the article entitled “Short chain HSP90 fatty acids and their receptors: new metabolic targets” was incomplete. Dr. Layden is also affiliated with the Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL. His complete affiliation is as follows: From the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL. “
“Thomas C. Kwee and Habib Zaidi Jannie P. Wijnen and Dennis W.J. Klomp Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a noninvasive technique that provides in vivo information about tissue metabolism.