The isolate degraded under high salt (up to 15% NaCl) and a wide range of pH (4.0–9.0), as well as simultaneously reduced nitrate and . “
“The effect of the flavonol morin on Streptococcus pyogenes Avasimibe chemical structure biofilm growth was determined using a static biofilm model, in which reduced biofilm biomass was observed in the presence of morin, suggesting that morin inhibited biofilm development. Morin at concentrations exceeding 225 μM had the greatest impact on biofilm biomass causing reductions of up to 65%, which was found to be statistically significant. Morin was also shown to induce rapid bacterial aggregation. Approximately 55% of S. pyogenes in liquid suspension

aggregated when incubated with morin at concentrations of 275 and 300 μM for 120 min, compared to the control group in which only 10% of the cells aggregated, this was also shown to be statistically significant. Streptococcus pyogenes is categorized as an opportunistic pathogen, causing pyogenic infections in mucous membranes, tonsils, skin and deeper tissues when host immune

defences are compromised (Cleary et al., 1992; Cunningham, 2000). Increased reports of complex streptococcal infections have been observed with the re-emergence of S. pyogenes in the last 20 years Venetoclax (Lamagni et al., 2008a, b). Successful colonization and subsequent infection relies on the ability of this pathogen to adhere to host tissues and rapidly multiply (Cunningham, 2000; Tart et al., 2007; Lamagni et al., 2008a). Streptococci grow as elongated chains which can aggregate via a process that utilizes numerous highly variable, surface proteins (Frick et al., 2000; Collado et al., 2008). Research has revealed that S. pyogenes grows

as a biofilm in soft tissue structures in the host; this process is now considered to be an integral part of the virulence repertoire (Costerton et al., 1999; Donlan, 2001; Manetti et al., 2007; Otto, 2008). Flavonoids are plant phenols whose chemical structure includes esters, glycosides or polymers (Ross & Kasum, 2002; Beecher, 2003; Lamuela-Ravento et al., 2009). More than 4000 flavonoid compounds have old been identified as being anti-inflammatory and antioxidative (Beecher, 2003; Lamuela-Ravento et al., 2009). Flavonols are abundant in fruits, vegetables, tea and red wine (Ross & Kasum, 2002; Beecher, 2003); they can inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Candida albicans, as well as affecting sortase activity (Shure et al., 2006; Lamuela-Ravento et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2009; Escaich, 2010; Jayaraman et al., 2010; John et al., 2010). Morin (3, 5, 7, 2′, 4′-pentahydroxyflavone) is a plant-derived flavonol, which is known to be an effective inhibitor of Gram-positive bacteria (Kang et al., 2006).