Therefore, we used both of these methods to identify the isolates. All 11 isolates were able to ferment ribose, galactose, glucose, fructose, mannose, n-acetyl-glucosamine, esculin, salicin, cellobiose and gentiobiose. Three different LAB species (Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, see more and Pediococcus

acidilactici) were identified using the API 50 CHL system and 16S rDNA analysis. Identification of Kp10 as P. acidilactici was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis (Figure 2). In addition, β-galactosidase activity, tolerance to bile salts and acid conditions, and antimicrobial activity were to evaluate the probiotic properties of Kp10 (P. acidilactici). The isolate was able to grow in the presence of 2% NaCl, but growth was inhibited by 3% NaCl. Homofermentative LAB are more resistant than heterofermentative LAB to NaCl [15]. Pediococci strains are homofermentative, and tolerance to pH, temperature, and NaCl is species- and strain-dependent [16]. Bacterial cells cultured in high salt concentrations experience a loss of turgor pressure, which affects cell physiology, enzyme and water activities, and metabolism [17]; however, some bacteria overcome this effect by regulating osmotic pressure on both sides of the cell membrane [18]. Optimum temperature can also be used to differentiate among LAB strains [19]. Our results indicated that Kp10 (P. acidilactici) is a mesophile, which

is in APR-246 price agreement selleck chemicals llc with the findings of Ronald [20]. LAB are found in many natural environments; however, antibiotic resistance RAS p21 protein activator 1 in these bacteria is a growing concern [21]. Thus, sensitivity to antibiotics must be determined before LAB strains can be used in food production [22]. Antibiotic-resistant strains can be detrimental to the health of humans and animals [21], because they are capable of transferring antibiotic resistance genes to pathogenic bacteria [23], which can contaminate raw food products such as meat or milk. Data on the antibiotic susceptibility of Pediococcus spp. isolated from food are limited. Penicillin G, imipenem, gentamicin, netilmicin, erythromycin, clindamycin, rifampin, chloramphenicol, daptomycin, and ramoplanin are generally

active against Pediococcus species [24–27]. However, susceptibility is thought to be species-dependent. We found that isolate Kp10 (P. acidilactici) was susceptible to ß-lactam antibiotics (penicillin G and ampicillin), as well as erythromycin, chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoin, and tetracycline. In contrast, previous studies have reported that LAB are often resistant to commonly used antibiotics such as β-lactams, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, quinolone, imidazole, nitrofurantoin, and fluoroquinolones [23, 28]. ß-lactams, which are bactericidal, are the most widely used class of antimicrobial agent because of their broad spectrum of action and excellent safety profile. ß-lactams inhibit bacteria cell wall synthesis and have a lethal effect on gram-positive bacteria.