This observation is consistent with findings from other studies [9, 11, 17, 36, 37, 40, 44]. A recent study performed in Uganda found that only four out of 54 HIV-related deaths could be attributed to IRIS in a cohort of patients followed within the first 3 years after ART initiation [44]. It should be noted that three of these four deaths

were attributable to CNS infections. Regarding treatment of IRIS, we cannot draw any conclusions about the benefits of steroids from our study. Three of eight patients who received steroids died while none of the 10 patients who were not treated with steroids died. However, it should be noted that we probably treated patients with more severe clinical manifestations, because we did not have a previous protocol for steroid use in cases of IRIS. The limitations of our study are those inherent to its retrospective design. However, JNK inhibitor in our opinion, the results of this study, which covers 11 years after the introduction of HAART, provide

interesting information on the prognosis of patients with CNS opportunistic infections in the developed world. Nowadays it is difficult to obtain this kind of data because the number of incident cases is fortunately low. Another limitation is that the results of the study cannot be generalized world-wide, although the data are applicable to the developed world. In conclusion, despite the reduction in the incidence of CNS opportunistic infections, MRIP the prognosis is still poor in many cases. Efforts should be made to improve adherence to HAART Selleckchem RGFP966 and to diagnose HIV infection early in order to avoid the development of new cases of CNS infections. This study was supported by Red Temática de Investigación en SIDA (RIS G03/173-RETIC RD06/0006/0039). Conflicts of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest in relation to this study. “
“Because of the improved life expectancy provided by successful antiretroviral combination therapy, preventive health measures in HIV-infected patients have assumed increasing importance. To date, no data exist on rates of mucosal

abnormalities detected by screening colonoscopy in > 50-year-old HIV-infected patients in Germany. The aim of this study was to obtain such data. A screening colonoscopy was offered to 159 HIV-infected patients (age > 50 years) who presented for HIV standard of care visits at the infectious diseases out-patient clinic at the university hospital in Bonn over a 1-year period from February 2010. Pearson’s χ2 test, Fisher’s exact test and the Mann−Whitney U-test were used for statistical analysis. Fifty-one patients (32.1%) had undergone a screening colonoscopy in the past 10 years, and 45 patients (28.3%) were eventually screened in the observation period. The median age of the 96 screened patients (86% male and 14% female) was 58 years [interquartile range (IQR) 54–64 years].