We are thus establishing a clear policy regarding submission to the journal. Effective immediately, submitted manuscripts which are identical to online manuscripts will not be considered for publication. While the posting of a preliminary version of the manuscript will not necessarily disqualify it from being considered, the existence of a pre-posted version

will be taken into account in evaluating whether or not the paper is suitable for submission, and submissions to OLEB should include links to or copies of previously posted versions of the material. Acceptability for submission assumes that manuscripts have not been submitted or published elsewhere in significantly duplicative form.”
“Ionizing radiation is defined as electromagnetic or corpuscular radiation, of energy of quanta resp. particles, which are able to detach an electron from any atom or molecule, as an object of interaction. Gefitinib The act of ionization creates reactive species like ion-radicals and free radicals, which start sequences of

chemical reactions even of high activation energies. Similar effects can be started by another energetic interactions of existing energy, close to ionizing radiation, e.g. by electrical discharges in gases like an atmosphere of a planet. Lightning, not strictly speaking ionizing radiations but rather a source of high energy chemistry was very early responsible for more concentrated deposition of energy than by ionizing radiation, calculating the amount of energy per unit of volume. Therefore it was easier to notice the connection to the LY2157299 cell line beginnings of life, as Miller (1953) has done in his classic experiment consisting in the demonstration of the formation of amino acids cAMP by electric discharges in a gaseous mixture of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, ammonia and water. His next paper

(Miller 1955) presented the possibility of formation of more complicated compounds, including polymers. One can conclude that all sources of energy able to start formation of reactive species are potentially friendly to the origins of life, also, possibly in other places of the Universe. The Early Earth was from the beginnings penetrated by ionizing radiation, of intensity much higher than now. The origins of radiations were very different, from sources present on the Earth, like radiations of radioactive elements, to radiations coming from outer space like cosmic radiation. Therefore all kinds of ionizing radiations were represented, of different particles and quanta and of very different quality expressed by their LET value (linear energy transfer) (Zagórski 2010a, b, c). The chemical action of ionizing radiation is more “diluted” (calculating it to the unit of volume) in comparison to Miller’s experiment using electric discharges in gaseous mixtures of compounds of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur and therefore was not more closely investigated.