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to the work represented in this article. Authors’ contributions ZC analysed the data and wrote and edited the paper; ZC, YZ, and YZ were involved in generating the data; SZ, HL and ST assembled the clinical data and performed sampling; and XG and ST Palbociclib concentration were responsible for the overall concept, design, and conduct of the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Haemophilus influenzae is a frequently isolated member of the commensal microbiota of the human nasopharynx that also causes a variety of diseases including invasive infections (meningitis and septicaemia) as well as diseases resulting from contiguous very spread within the respiratory tract, such as otitis media, pneumonia, conjunctivitis, epiglottitis, and exacerbations

of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). An important question is the extent to which genotypic variation within the species, especially that which affects surface expressed structures such as capsule, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and outer membrane proteins (OMPs), influences pathogenesis. Within naturally occurring populations of transformable bacteria, it has been proposed that each strain in a population contributes to and can acquire genes from the pan-genome (the superset of all genes of the species) [1–3]. This hypothesis suggests that genetic exchange, especially through transformation-mediated homologous recombination, plays a major role in shaping the diversity of H. influenzae, and that these variations affect commensal and virulence behaviour. If so, investigations that detail the extent of the genomic diversity of the species and the mechanisms by which this diversity is transferred between strains are important for understanding both the population dynamics and characterising the genetic basis of the differences in severity and spectrum of disease associated with particular strains. H. influenzae was the first free-living organism to have its genome sequenced [4].