Each belief was multiplied by the corresponding motivation selleck chemicals llc to comply [19] and a mean computed. Control beliefs were assessed by 14 items. Each belief was multiplied by the corresponding power item [19] and a mean computed. Table 4 summarises differences between MMR and dTaP/IPV in terms of parents’ scores on each TPB component. The descriptive statistics indicate that most parents intended to immunise, and most had reasonably positive attitudes towards immunising, moderately strong subjective norms and high perceived control. Belief composites are discussed in 3.7. There was no significant

difference between the two vaccinations on any of the TPB components (p > 0.05). As scores for intention were severely skewed, an inverse transformation was conducted [20], but this did not render the distribution normal. LY2157299 in vitro Thus, intention was dichotomised into parents with ‘maximum immunisation intentions’ (MI; maximum possible score of +3) and parents with ‘less than maximum intentions’ (LMI; score <3). Of the 147 parents in the MMR group, 65 (44.2%) had maximum intentions and 82 (55.8%) less than maximum intentions. Of the 108 parents in the dTaP/IPV group, 57 (52.8%) had maximum intentions and 51 (47.2%) had less than maximum intentions. There was no relationship between intention (MI;

LMI) and vaccination (MMR; dTaP/IPV): 2 × 2 χ2(1, n = 255) = 1.828, p = 0.176. Biserial correlation coefficients (rb) were computed between dichotomised intention (MI;

LMI) and the TPB components. Spearman’s correlation coefficients (rs) were computed between the TPB components and sociodemographic variables for MMR ( Table 5) and dTaP/IPV ( Table 6) separately. When interpreting the biserial correlation coefficients (rb), information about the direction of the relationship should be ignored, as the sign of the coefficient is dependent on how the category (intention) is coded [24]. With a Bonferroni correction to overcome the likelihood of a Type 1 error (0.05 divided by 45), only differences p ≤ 0.001 were considered significant [24]. For MMR, all TPB components (the three direct predictors and three belief composites) correlated significantly over with intention. For dTaP/IPV, all TPB components were significantly correlated with intention, except for subjective norm, normative beliefs and control beliefs (p > 0.001). Of the sociodemographic variables, number of children correlated significantly with intention to immunise with dTaP/IPV. For both vaccinations, each belief composite correlated significantly with its direct predictor of intentions (i.e. behavioural beliefs correlated with attitudes). Among the three direct predictors from the TPB, attitude correlated most strongly with intention. The relationship between each of the remaining sociodemographic variables and dichotomised intention were examined using Pearson’s chi-square tests for MMR and dTaP/IPV separately.

S1) and a group of viruses that appeared to be circulating exclusively in West Africa, as represented by A/Dakar/20/2012 (Fig. 2). AA substitutions in the 153–157 region of HA1 were selleck chemical identified in a number of cell- or egg-propagated A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses that had low reactivity to ferret antisera raised against A/California/7/2009 and some viruses had nucleotide polymorphism

in their HA sequences encoding these amino acids (for example A/Beijing-Huairou/SWL11293/2013, Table 2). Generally, these 153–157 substitutions/polymorphisms were not detected in the original clinical samples, indicating that they had arisen or become predominant during adaptation to culture. Sequences of isolates with substitutions at positions 153–157 in the HA were distributed throughout the phylogenetic tree and have appeared in nearly all genetic groups in the past (data not shown). Full genome sequencing was carried out on viruses from several geographic regions and no evidence of reassortment with co-circulating A(H3N2) viruses or other viruses was obtained (data not shown). SCR7 in vitro Antigenic cartography illustrated that the majority of A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates continued to be antigenically similar to A/California/7/2009 and clustered together, demonstrating little antigenic diversity during this period or since

2009 (Fig. S2). In contrast many of the viruses with AA substitutions in the 153–157 region of HA1 clustered together at some antigenic distance from the vaccine virus A/California/7/2009 and most other recent isolates (Fig. S2, Table 2). Vaccines containing the A/California/7/2009 (H1N1pdm09) antigen stimulated anti-HA antibodies below of similar geometric mean HI titres to the vaccine virus and the majority

of representative A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates tested. Fig. S3 summarises human serology following seasonal influenza vaccination. Only a few A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses showed a significant (>50%) reduction in geometric mean titres (GMT) in HI tests with human sera from vaccinees who received vaccines containing A/California/7/2009. In some panels reductions were seen against egg-derived A/Bangladesh/2021/2012 virus which has an N156S substitution in HA1, a change known to alter the antigenic properties of H1N1pdm09 viruses, as described above. Although reactivity was also reduced against some cell-propagated viruses, such as A/Stockholm/34/2012, no reduction was seen in HI studies of this virus using post-infection ferret antiserum. Based on analyses of data presented at the VCM, it was concluded that the observed genetic diversity of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses had not resulted in changes in their antigenic properties and that A/California/7/2009, remained appropriate for use in the 2013–2014 Northern Hemisphere vaccine. The majority (61.