05) In contrast, the IC50 and the RI of 4T1/HA117 cells was high

05). In contrast, the IC50 and the RI of 4T1/HA117 cells was higher than that of 4T1/MDR1 cells for P-gp non-substrate drugs and the difference was statistically

significant (P < 0.05). This result supported our earlier finding that 4T1/HA117 and 4T1/MDR1 cells exhibit increased resistance to anticancer drugs. Table 1 IC50 (μg/ml) for ADM, VCR, Taxol and BLM in 4T1, 4T1/HA117, 4T1/MDR1 and 4T1/GFP cells.   ADM VCR Taxol BLM Cell lines IC 50 (μg/ml) R.I. IC 50 (μg/ml) R.I. IC 50 (μg/ml) R.I. IC 50 (μg/ml) R.I. 4T1 0.4159 ± 0.0791 1 0.4775 ± 0.0757 1 0.0294 ± 0.0058 1 0.4789 ± 0.1104 1 4T1/HA117 **8.2369 ± 1.9458 19.8050 **4.3292 EGFR inhibitor ± 0.4452 9.0663 **0.2859 ± 0.0479 9.7245 *1.7073 ± 0.4062 3.5650 4T1/MDR1 **10.0746 ± 1.0684 24.2236 **5.2754 ± 1.0974 11.0480 **0.3050 ± 0.1067 10.3741 0.4612 ± 0.0733 0.9630 4T1/GFP 0.5126 ± 0.1547 1.2325 0.4508 ± 0.1193 0.9441 0.0292 ± 0.0016 0.9932 0.4924 ± 0.1172 1.0282 Values are shown as the mean ± SD. ADM: Adriamycin; VCR: X-396 vincristine; Taxol: paclitaxel; BLM: bleomycin. * P < 0.05 and ** P < 0.01 compared to the respective control group. Discussion MDR is a phenomenon whereby tumor cells exposed to one cytotoxic agent develop cross-resistance to a range of structurally and functionally

unrelated compounds. The exact mechanism of MDR in cancer cells is still under investigation, but many MDR-associated genes have been identified, as mentioned earlier [2–7]. The MDR of breast cancer cells to cytotoxic drugs has been linked to the over-expression of cell-surface P-gp, with more than 40% of breast cancers over-expressing P-gp [12]. P-gp is a member of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent transporters that are known to confer cross-resistance to a variety of structurally unrelated cytotoxic drugs, such as anthracycline, taxanes, 6-phosphogluconolactonase vinca alkaloids and other drugs widely used for cancer treatment [13–15]. Based upon these findings, we chose to investigate the effects of P-gp substrate (ADM, VCR and Taxol)

and P-gp non-substrate (BLM) drugs on the survival of MDR1 and HA117 transducted cells. ATRA, been a differentiation-inducing chemotherapeutic agent, is widely used for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and often induces complete remission in most APL and AML patients [16–18]. However, clinical experience has shown that patients treated with ATRA alone does not remain on long-term remission and can in fact develop ATRA-resistant APL or AML [19]. The exact mechanism of ATRA resistance is still unknown, although many researchers have reported that resistance is caused by a point mutation in the PML/RARα fusion gene or by up-regulation of meningioma-1 gene (MN1) [20–22].

26 0 9411 -0 3480 UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD P17 CLIBASIA_0311

26 0.9411 -0.3480 UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD P17 CLIBASIA_03110 20.11 0.9994 -0.2786 UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD P18 CLIBASIA_03675 20.02 0.9967 -0.2780 UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD P19 CLIBASIA_03725 19.91 NT NT 35.29 UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD P20 CLIBASIA_03955 21.08 NT NT UD UD UD UD 37.41 UD UD UD UD UD P21 CLIBASIA_04030 20.30 NT NT UD UD UD UD 32.93 UD UD UD UD UD P22 CLIBASIA_04150 24.00 NT NT UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD P23 CLIBASIA_04310 20.76 0.991 -0.2976 UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD P24 CLIBASIA_04330 20.85 0.9986 -0.2635 UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD P25 CLIBASIA_04405 21.60 0.9987 -0.3051 UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD P26 CLIBASIA_04425 20.41 0.9994 -0.3032 UD PD-0332991 in vitro UD UD UD

UD UD UD UD UD UD P27 CLIBASIA_02645 21.77 NT NT 38.61 UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD P28 CLIBASIA_04515 22.00 NT NT 38.63 UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD P29 CLIBASIA_04530 19.00 0.9919 -0.2852 UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD P30 CLIBASIA_04550 22.48 0.9938 -0.2708 UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD P31 CLIBASIA_05230 21.68 0.9941 -0.2771 UD UD UD Enzalutamide ic50 UD

UD UD UD UD UD UD P32 CLIBASIA_05480 21.48 0.988 -0.2776 UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD P33 CLIBASIA_04475 20.84 0.9913 -0.2644 UD UD UD UD NT UD UD UD UD UD P34 CLIBASIA_05505 22.70 0.9893 -0.2791 UD UD UD UD NT UD UD UD UD UD CQULA04F/R β-operon 22.11 NT NT UD UD UD UD NT NT NT NT NT NT LJ900f/r Prophage 22.25 NT NT UD UD UD UD NT NT NT NT NT NT HLBas/r 16Sas 24.33 0.9998 -0.3057 NT NT UD UD NT NT NT NT NT NT HLBam/r 16Sam NT NT NT NT 24.68 UD UD NT NT NT NT NT NT HLBaf/r 16Saf NT NT NT 21.28 NT UD UD NT NT NT NT NT NT COXf/r Cox 14.80 NT NT 15.21 18.54 16.15 UD NT NT NT NT NT NT †Las-infected psyllids total DNA was serially diluted spanning up to five logs and used as a template in the qRT-PCR assay. R2 and Phospholipase D1 slope were further calculated from a plot of CT values versus log dilution factor. #qRT-PCR was conducted by using template DNA samples of Las, Laf, Lam, C1:

Colletotrichum acutatum KLA-207, C2: Elsinoe fawcettii, C3: Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citrumelo1381, C4: Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Aw, C5: Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri A*, C6: Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri 306. The CT values are average of three replicates for each primer pair.

However, downregulation of ECT2, located at 3q26 1 to q26 2, was

However, downregulation of ECT2, located at 3q26.1 to q26.2, was observed in two patients (Fig. 1). Thus, clinical and histological features were investigated in these patients to examine the association between ECT2 and FSGS. Fig. 1 CGH findings in two patients and another FSGS patient. In the two patients described here, some clustered genes localized in chromosome 3q.26.1–3q.26.2 showed downregulation. Signal indicating the loss of copy number was recognized in the log4 zone, suggesting homozygous deletion of ECT2 in both patients Methods Comparative genomic

hybridization method Array-CGH was used to screen for genes showing up- or downregulation in each subject. We obtained genomic DNA from a reference sample (46,XY) (Promega p/n G1471) and the present patients. CGH was performed using Daporinad nmr prefabricated oligo-CGH arrays (244-kb arrays; Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA) consisting of about 244,000 in situ-synthesized 60-mer oligonucleotides spanning the entire genome, resulting in an average genomic distance of approximately 12 kb. These probes included both coding and noncoding sequences on every human chromosome. After hybridization had been carried out according to the manufacturer’s instructions, results were visualized using CGHAnalytics 3.4

software (Agilent Technologies). Polymerase chain reaction Genomic DNA was recovered in the aqueous phase and precipitated with ethanol/sodium acetate. The polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were carried out as Parvulin described previously [9]. Specific primers were constructed based on previously published sequence data for human ECT2 coding regions PI3K inhibitor [7]. PCR conditions were as follows: initial denaturation at 94 °C for 5 min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 30 s, annealing

at 63 °C for 30 s, and extension at 72 °C for 4 min. Analysis of ECT2 was performed after we obtained written informed consent from the patients’ parents or guardians. Immunohistochemical staining Anti-ECT2 antibody was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Staining for ECT2 protein in renal tissues was carried out using a previously described immunofluorescence method [9]. Patient presentation Patient 1 The patient is a boy who is currently 8 years old. No abnormality had been noted in the perinatal period, and he was born by spontaneous delivery at full term. He is an only child and has no siblings. His parents were unrelated and healthy. No inherited kidney disease or other congenital anomalies of the kidney were found in his family members. At 3 years of age, he was brought to our department because of facial edema developing after acute enteritis. No contributory family or past medical history was obtained. On admission, systemic edema and ascites were evident. Mild mental retardation was present (Wisconsin Intelligence Scale for Children or WISC: 70), but motor functions were normal.

However, we cannot rule out the possibility that the cytosolic pr

However, we cannot rule out the possibility that the cytosolic presence of bacteria expose T3SS3 structural components to activate NFκB. The detection of endogenous

TAK1 activation in HEK293T cells following infection with wildtype, but not T3SS3 mutants, suggests the activation of the intracellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) NOD1 and NOD2, both of which signal through TAK1. B. pseudomallei is reportedly able to signal through NOD2 in RAW264.7 macrophages Selleckchem NVP-LDE225 to upregulate suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3) although it does not result in similar upregulation of the proinflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6 which depend on activation of NFκB [38]. Recently, it is reported that NOD2 plays a minor role in murine melioidosis and a human genetic polymorphism in NOD2 region is associated with melioidosis [39]. It is possible that NOD1 and NOD2, which sense bacterial peptidoglycan

derivatives IE-DAP and muramyl dipeptide respectively, may be the major cytosolic sensors responsible for NFκB activation. Conclusions Use of the HEK293T cells has allowed us to determine how Burkholderia T3SS3 contributes to NFκB activation in the absence of TLR and MyD88 signalling. We were able to discern that activation of NFκB does not occur as a direct consequence of Burkholderia T3SS3 secretion of effectors, but rather through cytosolic sensors that respond to the presence of bacteria in the cytosol following T3SS3-mediated escape from endocytic vesicles. Roxadustat solubility dmso Our study serves as a model for future work to identify the this website cytosolic sensors and the conditions leading to

NFκB activation. It is possible that NFκB is not triggered efficiently by surface or endosomal PRRs, whereupon cytosolic sensors become important in establishing recognition of bacterial pathogens and eventual protection. Alternatively, the activation of these cytosolic sensors may lead to a different gene expression program that provides a regulatory function distinct from the TLR response. Methods Cell-lines and bacterial strains Human embryonic kidney HEK293T (ATCC CRL-11268) cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (Sigma-Aldrich) with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (Life Technologies), 1X penicillin/streptomycin (Life Technologies) and 2 mM L-glutamine (Life Technologies) at 37°C with humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2. NFκB/293/GFP-Luc cell line was purchased from System Biosciences and cultured in the same medium as HEK293T cells. Bacterial strains used are listed in Table 1. Table 1 List of bacterial strains used in this study Strain Relevant characteristic(s) a Source or reference B. pseudomallei     KHW B.

The OMVs then were separated from the serum by centrifugation at

The OMVs then were separated from the serum by centrifugation at 100,000 × g for 2 h at 4°C. After being washed three times with PBS, the OMV samples were mixed with a suspension of the colloidal gold probe, and the mixture was kept selleck screening library at room temperature for 30 min. After being washed with PBS to remove unbound gold particles, the OMV samples were negatively stained with 0.1% uranyl acetate on carbon

coated Formvar grids and examined under the electron microscope. Cytolethal distending assays with HCT8 cells HCT8 cells were seeded in 24-well plates (Falcon) and grown to 50% confluence. 50 μl of vesicle samples (ca 3 μg protein) were added to the cells. The occurrence of cytotoxic effects was monitored for up to 72 h. Cells were fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde in PBS pH 7.3 for 10 min. After fixation, cells were washed twice with PBS and incubated with 0.1 M glycine for 5 min at room temperature. After washing twice with PBS, the cells were

permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich). Actin was stained with Alexa Fluor 488 phalloidin (Molecular probes, Invitrogen, Oregon, USA) containing 1% BSA (Sigma-Aldrich). After thorough washing with PBS, the nuclei were stained with DAPI (Sigma-Aldrich) (1:5,000) for 5 min before mounting in Mowiol (Scharlau Chemie S. A.) containing antifade (P-phenylene diamine). Sorafenib Cells were analysed using a Zeiss Axioskop routine microscope and photographed with a Hamamatsu digital camera. Thymidine incorporation analysis DNA synthesis was assessed by measuring [3H] thymidine incorporation in HCT8 cells. Cells were seeded in 96-well plates and grown to 25% confluence. After 48 h of incubation with 10 μl of OMVs (0.6 μg protein) from strains 81-176 and its cdtA::km mutant, [3H] thymidine (0.5 μCi/well; Amersham) Thiamine-diphosphate kinase was added and the incubation was continued for another 4 h. Cells were harvested with a SKATRON semiautomatic cell harvester and [3H] thymidine uptake was determined with a Beta Counter (LKB Wallace 1218 Rackbeta liquid scintillation counter). Results and discussion Analyses of OMVs from C. jejuni In order to analyze the surface structure of wild type C. jejuni strain

81-176, we examined the bacteria by atomic force microscopy, which revealed that there were OMVs surrounding the bacterial cells (Figure 1A&1B). Since recent studies [25–28] suggest that some bacterial protein toxins are secreted in association with OMVs, we decided to determine whether CDT could be detected in association with such vesicles. We isolated the OMVs from cell-free supernatants of C. jejuni after growth in biphasic medium as described in Materials and Methods. Studies of the OMV samples using electron microscopy revealed that the OMVs from C. jejuni strain 81-176 were somewhat heterogeneous in size with a diameter in the range of 10-50 nm (Figure 1C). In order to visualize the protein components of OMVs we performed SDS-PAGE analysis.

Obviously, C-line and T-line emitted fluorescence However, this

Obviously, C-line and T-line emitted fluorescence. However, this photo was taken without a UV filter, containing a strong background caused by the excitation light source. As a comparison, Figure 5a presents a QD lateral flow strip picture with a UV filter, which accepted little selleck chemical influence of the excitation light source, demonstrating that the UV filter is essential. Though the effect of the excitation light source was eliminated, the fluorescent intensity was also weak in detecting

a low-concentration sample (Figure 7a). The proper image enhancement algorithm played a critical role. In order to display our method’s superiority, traditional HE and WTHE algorithms were compared with the proposed algorithm (Figure 7). Figure 7b,c shows test strip images after processing of the traditional

HE and WTHE algorithms, respectively. The test strip image processed by the proposed modified WTHE algorithm is shown in Figure 7d. By comparing this method with other image enhancement algorithms, the results indicated that the proposed algorithm could produce a satisfying effect with distinguishing C-line buy Kinase Inhibitor Library and T-line from the background. Figure 7 Images of test strip. (a) Original test strip image.(b) Test strip image with traditional HE. (c) Test strip image with WTHE. (d) Test strip image with proposed algorithm. During processing, we set v = 0.1 and r = 0.4, with the least mean square error (MSE). After image processing, the distinct graph of T-line and C-line is displayed in Figure 8 to certify the effectiveness of this algorithm. Figure 8 Curve figure of the test strip image after processing of the proposed modified WTHE algorithm. Diagnosis of CagA samples In order to test the device, 50 positive and 50 negative CagA samples from a clinical hospital were collected for detection. The outcomes showed that the instrument could realize detection with a specificity of 98% and a sensitivity of 96%. The specificity and sensitivity are calculated according 3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase to the following equations, respectively: Compared with naked eye detection, the device could recognize low-concentration samples by employing the proposed

image processing algorithm, thus greatly enhancing sensitivity. Additionally, in order to improve specificity, more samples could be detected to set a more exact threshold. To eliminate the error introduced by the differences between test strips and samples, we used HCG samples to set a threshold of T/C ratio to determine the specification. The more antigen targeting in the sample, the more QD conjugates would be captured on the test line, which leads to the increase of the T/C ratio. According to the principle described above, the T/C ratio would be proportional to the concentration of CagA in the samples. Compared to the bare detection of the test line, this quantitative approach is much more credible and applicable. Besides, seven CagA samples with different concentration were also prepared by our group.

In cases the proteins functions were predicted, most of which inc

In cases the proteins functions were predicted, most of which included functions related

to nucleotide synthesis and amino acid metabolism, although interesting cases were found like that of a probable protein involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis and a colagenase. It is concluded that the identified sequences may lay a role favouring the production of viral particles infecting archaea. E-mail: yetzi1980@hotmail.​com Dynamics of Pattern Formation in Biomimetic Systems F. Rossi1*, S. Ristori2 M. Rustici3, N. Marchettini4, E. Tiezzi4 1Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica, Universit di Palermo, Italy; 2Dipartimento di Chimica, Universit di Firenze, Italy; 3Dipartimento di Chimica, Universit di Sassari, Italy; 4Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche this website e dei Biosistemi, Copanlisib ic50 Universit di Siena, Italy Cellular organization involves a complex

interaction among structure, chemical kinetics, and transport processes. By using model systems where these features can be controlled to a large extent independently of the others, the relative contribution of each aspect to cellular attributes can be inferred. The Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) (Belousov 1958; Zhabotinsky 1964) reaction spontaneously produces complex spatial patterns (spirals, spots,…) that may oscillate in time or remain stationary and for this property it can be considered a valid model for self structuring and self patterning phenomena. Insights gained from the study of the BZ reaction carried out in biomietic matrices may shed light on the emergence of shape in living systems. For example these systems can be used to investigate the occurrence of self-organized patterns in media confined at the nano- to micromicrometer scale, and/or 4��8C to design a chemical oscillator composed of biological molecules. The route followed to develop these ideas was to couple chemical oscillations produced by BZ reaction with confined reaction environments such as

direct and reverse micelles (Federico Rossi et al. 2008; Vanag & Epstein 2008) and phospholipids bilayers (Magnani et al. 2004; Ristori et al. 2007); confinement being an essential requirement for any process of Life. Special focus was placed on systems which also present organic or lipidic compartments, as more reliable biomimetic matrices. Belousov, B.P., 1958. A periodic reaction and its mechanism. In A Periodic Reaction and its mechanism. Moscow: Medgiz, pagg. 145–147. Magnani, A. et al., 2004. Chemical waves and pattern formation in the 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine/water lamellar system. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 126(37), 11406–11407. Ristori, S. et al., 2007.

These patients have two problems Firstly, their cardiac reserves

These patients have two problems. Firstly, their cardiac reserves are doubtful. Cardiac consultation is common. The second problem is the warfarin itself. This poses a big problem to anaesthetist and orthopaedic surgeons because of the contra-indication to spinal anaesthesia and risk of excessive bleeding respectively. Therefore,

all patients on warfarin, when they are admitted, the warfarin will be stopped if not contraindicated. Oral vitamin K was also given to reverse the effect of warfarin. The Pexidartinib price INR can be optimised to less than 1.5 in usually less than 48 h.   ii. Clopidogrel (plavix) This is also one of the common medications that were given to patients with previous history of stroke or stent. The half life of it is around 7 days. Therefore, the clopidogrel should be stopped for 7 days before elective hip or knee replacement surgeries. However hip fracture surgeries are not like joint replacement surgeries. The benefits of early stabilisation of these fractures certainly outweight MI-503 datasheet the risks of asking the patients to stay in bed for 7 days [12, 14]. Hence, after communication with the anaesthetist, the patients can now proceed to surgeries once they are fit.     c. Utilisation of the operating theatre All our geriatric hip fractures are now operated within day time. No hip fractures are operated in the middle of the night. This practise has two benefits. One is that the surgeries are likely to be supervised by a senior orthopaedic surgeon.

The time of surgery is shorter and more predictable. The anaesthetist thus has a better estimation of blood loss and risks PD184352 (CI-1040) of anaesthesia. The complication rate of the fracture fixation is also lower. This certainly decreases the incidence of revision surgeries. Secondly, the orthopaedic surgeons like the new system. It ensures that they can have the operation

done in the day time. Sometimes these fractures are difficult to treat because of osteoporosis and fracture comminution. When help is needed, it can be found easily.   d. Discharge planning on admission day One of the reasons why the hip fracture patients stay in the hospital for long period of time is the difficulty of discharging the patients from convalescence hospital. This may be due to various reasons: i. Unrealistic expectations Many patients and their families expect the hip fracture patients can resume their premorbid walking ability and sometimes even better than before because of the “fixation” of “weak hip”. However, the reality is that most of these patients will suffer a certain degree of disability and loss of function afterwards [15]. Therefore, this misunderstanding has to be solved immediately once the patient is admitted to the hospital. Therefore, doctors, nurses and therapist should explain the prognosis of hip fractures explicitly to avoid unrealistic expectations. Although they may not be able to accept the reality in the very beginning, this fact has to be repeatedly reinforced during the hospitalisation.

Therefore, the percentage of similarity between each fAFLP types

Therefore, the percentage of similarity between each fAFLP types BIBW2992 concentration selected was higher (100%) than chosen in previous works (>95%) [11, 13]. The 109 isolates were divided by fAFLP and PFGE into three clearly distinguishable lineages. A similar division had previously been detected by fAFLP analyses with enzyme combinations other than those used

in this study [9, 10]. This division correlates with the flagellar (H) antigen type which confirms the phylogenetic divergence between strains of serogroups IVb and IIb and those of serogroups IIa and IIc. The subtyping results obtained in this study on a panel of L. monocytogenes field strains from human clinical cases, foods, food processing environments and animal cases, reference strains and isolates associated with outbreaks or sporadic cases showed equal discriminatory ability between fAFLP (ID 0.993) and ApaI/ AscI-PFGE (ID 0.996). Lomonaco et al. (2011) [13] also obtained similar discriminatory power between these 2 subtyping methods, but only on a panel of L. monocytogenes isolates from environmental and food Cell Cycle inhibitor sources. With other bacteria such as Salmonella and E.coli 0157, the discriminatory power of fAFLP was also found to be similar to PFGE [28]. In this study, isolates TS39 and TS67, produced a fAFLP profile indistinguishable

from that produced by TS56 (duplicate of TS77), except for a small ‘shoulder’ after a specific double peak. The shoulder was not an artefact and appeared consistently, as shown by replicate testing. Because this difference was estimated as being ‘less than a peak’, all 4 isolates were assigned the same fAFLP type 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase (VII.27) but for stringency purposes, the appendix ‘a’ was added to express the presence of the shoulder. These TS isolates were reported as a single type group (group 03) [17, 20] according to the same Multilocus Enzyme Electrophoresis type by Pinner et al. (1992) [18]. However, in a separate study, PFGE profiles performed with adifferent combination of enzymes (ApaI/ SmaI) than those used by the EURL, showed the 2 isolates TS39 and TS67 to be closely related but different from TS56 [5]. Since PFGE and fAFLP rely on the recognition of restriction sites and therefore

detect genetic variations on sections of the whole bacterial genome, whole genome sequencing would be a method of choice to reveal the difference between these isolates. Conclusions In conclusion the UK-NRL fAFLP protocol has been shown to be highly discriminatory, equal to that of the EURL PFGE protocol. FAFLP can be used for investigating outbreaks of human listeriosis and tracking the source of contamination in foods and food processing facilities. This study demonstrated that the fAFLP protocol used by UK-NRL is an ideal alternative to PFGE to subtype L. monocytogenes. However, before deploying fAFLP through the European NRL network, this method needs to be fully standardized and its reproducibility assessed by proficiency test trials.

Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Table S1: Co

Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Table S1: Complete list of the differentially expressed proteins during X. a. pv. citri biofilm formation. (DOC 124 Selleckchem STA-9090 KB) Additional file 2: Table

S2: Oligonucleotides used in qRT-PCR of selected genes. (DOC 32 KB) References 1. da Silva AC, Ferro JA, Reinach FC, Farah CS, Furlan LR, Quaggio RB, Monteiro-Vitorello CB, Van Sluys MA, Almeida NF, Alves LM, et al.: Comparison of the genomes of two Xanthomonas pathogens with differing host specificities. Nature 2002,417(6887):459–463.PubMedCrossRef 2. Graham JH, Gottwald TR, Cubero J, Achor DS: Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri: factors affecting successful eradication of citrus canker. Mol Plant Pathol 2004,5(1):1–15.PubMedCrossRef 3. Costerton JW, Lewandowski Z, Caldwell DE, Korber DR, Lappin-Scott HM: Microbial biofilms. Annu Rev Microbiol 1995, 49:711–745.PubMedCrossRef 4. Costerton JW, Stewart PS, Greenberg EP: Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections. Science 1999,284(5418):1318–1322.PubMedCrossRef 5. Danhorn T, Fuqua C: Biofilm formation by plant-associated bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 2007, 61:401–422.PubMedCrossRef 6. Gottig N, Garavaglia BS, Garofalo CG, Orellano EG, Ottado J: A filamentous hemagglutinin-like protein of Xanthomonas

axonopodis pv. citri, the phytopathogen responsible for citrus BAY 80-6946 canker, is involved in bacterial virulence. PLoS One 2009,4(2):4358.CrossRef 7. Malamud F, Torres

PS, Roeschlin R, Rigano LA, Enrique R, Bonomi HR, Castagnaro AP, Marano MR, Vojnov AA: The Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri flagellum is required for mature biofilm and canker development. Microbiology 2011,157(Pt 3):819–829.PubMedCrossRef 8. Sgro GG, Ficarra FA, Dunger G, Scarpeci TE, Valle EM, Cortadi A, Orellano EG, Gottig N, Ottado J: Contribution of a harpin protein from Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri to pathogen virulence. Mol Plant Pathol 2012,13(9):1047–1059.PubMedCrossRef 9. Dunger G, Relling VM, Tondo ML, Barreras M, Ielpi L, Orellano EG, Ottado J: Xanthan is not essential for pathogenicity in citrus canker but contributes to Xanthomonas epiphytic survival. Arch Microbiol 2007,188(2):127–135.PubMedCrossRef isothipendyl 10. Rigano LA, Siciliano F, Enrique R, Sendin L, Filippone P, Torres PS, Questa J, Dow JM, Castagnaro AP, Vojnov AA, et al.: Biofilm formation, epiphytic fitness, and canker development in Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2007,20(10):1222–1230.PubMedCrossRef 11. Guo Y, Kim JS, Wang N: Requirement of the galU gene for polysaccharide production by and pathogenicity and growth In Planta of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010,76(7):2234–2242.PubMedCrossRef 12. Yan Q, Hu X, Wang N: The novel virulence – related gene nlxA in the lipopolysaccharide cluster of Xanthomonas citri ssp .