We used YT cells because they expressed the lowest endogenous level of miR-223 relative to NK92, NKL, and K562 cells. qRT-PCR analysis identified this website significantly increased level of miR-223 in YT cells transfected with the miR-223 mimic compared to the negative control (Figure 7A, P < 0.001). The expression level of the PRDM1α protein decreased to 54.44% in YT cells treated with ectopic miR-223 relative to YT cells treated with the negative control (Figures 7B and C, P = 0.008); however,

there was no significant difference in the mRNA level of PRDM1α between these 2 groups (Figure 7D), demonstrating that PRDM1α protein expression may be directly downregulated by miR-223 via the inhibition of translation but not by the degradation of PRDM1α mRNA. STA-9090 in vivo Figure 7 Endogenous PRDM1 protein expression is affected by increased miR-223 or decreased miR-223. A miR-223 mimic or mimic negative control (NC) was transfected into YT cells by electroporation.

(A) qRT-PCR analysis revealed a significantly increased level of miR-223 in YT cells transfected with miR-223 mimic compared to NC. The results were confirmed in 3 independent experiments with data presented as mean ± SE (※ P < 0.001). (B) Western blot showed that PRDM1α protein level was markedly diminished (54.44% relative to YT-NC, normalised to β-actin) in YT cells transfected with miR-223 mimic. YT-NC was adjusted to 100%. Results were quantified by densitometry in 3 independent experiments (mean ± SD) KU-57788 order (# P = 0.008). (C) A representative image of PRDM1α protein expression in YT cells as detected by western blot. (D) RT-PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis showed ectopic expression of miR-223 with no effect on PRDM1α transcript. NK92, NKL, and

K562 cells were transfected with miR-223 inhibitor or NC with HiPerFect Transfection Reagent. (E) Compared to NC, the level of endogenous miR-223 was significantly decreased in NK92, NKL, and K562 cells by qRT-PCR analysis. The data are presented as mean ± SE of 4 independent experiments (∆ P = 0.026, ∆∆ P = 0.017, and ∆∆∆ P = 0.044). (F) Semi-quantitative analysis by densitometry demonstrated that the PRDM1α protein was restored to 220% and 234% by miR-223 Fenbendazole inhibition in NKL and K562 cells, respectively, compared to NC, but the level of PRDM1α protein in NK92 cells was not significantly affected. The data are presented as mean ± SD of 4 independent experiments (§ P = 1.000, §§ P = 0.040, and §§§ P = 0.022). (G) Representative western blot images of PRDM1α protein levels in NK92, NKL, and K562 cells are shown. Restoration of PRDM1 expression by reducing miR-223 To test the effect of miR-223 reduction on PRDM1 protein in NK92, NKL, and K562 cells, a miR-223 inhibitor was transfected into cells to reduce the endogenous expression of miR-223. qRT-PCR revealed that the miR-223 inhibitor reduced the levels of endogenous miR-223 in NKL and K562 cells to 40.12% (P = 0.017) and 45.10% (P = 0.

Low-temperature PL spectra CX-5461 supplier indicate that indium indeed acts as shallow donor and the density of surface traps is very low. We demonstrated the enhanced photocatalytic performance of In-doped ZnO NWs by degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) solution. Methods The In-doped ZnO nanowires were synthesized by a vapor transport deposition process in a single-zone high-temperature AZ 628 tube furnace. A mixture of ZnO (99.999%), graphite (99.9%), and In2O3 (99.99%) powder (weigh ratio 8:2:1) was used as the source material. A layer of 5-nm gold film deposited on the Si (100) substrate before the growth of ZnO NWs was used as catalyst. Then

the treated silicon substrate and the source material were placed in a quartz boat and inserted into the tube furnace. Si (100) substrate was placed about 10 cm downstream of the source. Before growth, the quartz tube was evacuated to about 100 mTorr by a rotary pump. Then the tube

furnace was heated to 950°C at a rate of 20°C min−1, under a Ar flow rate of 100 standard-state cubic centimeter per minute (SCCM). When the temperature reached 950°C, high purity O2 was continuously see more fed into the tube at a flow rate of 2 SCCM, and the pressure was maintained at 4 Torr. After reacting for 30 min at 950°C, the furnace was naturally cooled to room temperature without O2 flux, and the white product deposited on the silicon substrate was collected. Undoped ZnO NWs were also grown under the same experimental conditions. The structure and composition of the samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction Calpain (XRD) through a Rigaku D/max 2550 pc diffractometer (The Woodlands, Texas, USA) and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) on a time-of flight mass spectrometer (Ion TOF-SIMS). The morphology and microstructure of the nanowires were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Hitachi S-4800, Tokyo, Japan) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, Philips-FEI Tecnai G2 F30 S-Twin, Hillsboro, OR, USA) combined with selective area electron diffraction (SAED). The In doping content of the individual NW was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

(EDX) equipped in the TEM instrument. PL spectra were measured on a fluorescence spectrometer (FLS920 Edinburgh Instruments, Livingston, West Lothian, UK), using a He-Cd 325-nm laser as the excitation source. The photocatalytic activity of the nanowires was evaluated by investigating the photocatalytic degradation of RhB in aqueous solution in a cylindrical quartz photoreactor. Thirty milligrams of each sample was dispersed in 100 ml of deionized water, followed by ultrasonication for 1 h. One milliliter of 1 mM RhB aqueous solution was then added. A Xe lamp was used as the illumination source. Before illumination, the solution was stirred continuously in the dark for 30 min to reach an adsorption-desorption equilibrium of dye molecules on the surface of photocatalysts.

Mulvey MA, Schilling JD, Hultgren SJ: Establishment of a persistent Escherichia coli reservoir during the acute phase of a bladder infection. Infect Immun 2001, 69:4572–4579.CrossRefPubMed 51. Sansonetti PJ, Kopecko DJ, Formal SB: Involvement of a plasmid in the invasive ability of Shigella flexneri. Infect Immun 1982, 35:852–860.PubMed 52. Guinée PAM, Jansen WH, Wadström T, Sellwood R:Escherichia coli associated with neonatal diarrhoea in piglets and calves. Laboratory Diagnosis in Neonatal Calf and Pig Diarrhoea: Current Topics in Veterinary and Animal Science

(Edited by: Leeww PW, Guinée PAM). Martinus-Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands 1981, 126–162. 53. Luck SN, Bennett-Wood V, Poon R, Robins-Browne RM, Hartland

EL: Invasion of epithelial cells by locus of enterocyte effacement-negative GSK126 CB-839 enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 2005, 73:3063–3071.CrossRefPubMed Authors’ contributions DY and RH PF-562271 cost carried out all invasion assays and drafted this manuscript. MB, GD and AM carried out the typing of the eae gene. LG and SMC carried out transmission electron microscopies of T84 cell. JEB performed serotyping. MAS and JB contributed to the experimental design and co-wrote the manuscript with TATG. TATG supervised all research, was instrumental in experimental design, and wrote the final manuscript with DY. This research was carried out TCL as thesis work for a PhD (DY) in the Department of Microbiology at the Universidade Federal

de São Paulo. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. The authors declare that they have no competing interests.”
“Background The bacterial genus Arsenophonus corresponds to a group of insect intracellular symbionts with a long history of investigation. Although many new Arsenophonus sequences have been published in the last several years, along with documentation of diverse evolutionary patterns in this group (Figure 1), the first records of these bacteria date to the pre-molecular era. Based on ultrastructural features, several authors described a transovarially transmitted infection associated with son-killing in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis [1–3]. Later, they were formally assigned to a new genus within the family Enterobacteriaceae with a single species, Arsenophonus nasoniae [4]. The same authors proposed a close relationship of Arsenophonus to free-living bacteria of the genus Proteus. Independently, other microscopic studies revealed morphologically similar symbionts from various tissues of blood-sucking triatomine bugs [5, 6]; a decade later these bacteria were determined on molecular grounds to belong to the same clade and were named Arsenophonus triatominarum [7]. Interestingly, the next record on symbiotic bacteria closely related to A. nasoniae was from a phytopathological study investigating marginal chlorosis of strawberry [8].

These results closely depend on the quality and geometry of the https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ly2109761.html nanopores used, MK-4827 clinical trial most of which focus on the small nanopores with the dimension comparable to the analyzers to achieve an optimal solution. Even so, the capture rate of proteins is low in nanopore experiments, and the electroosmotic flow against electrophoretic mobilities of proteins through silicon nitride membranes is dominant in small nanopores [9, 10, 18,

27, 33, 34]. Meanwhile, the adsorption interaction of proteins easily makes the small pore plugged [31, 32]. Therefore, to reduce these negative effects, nanopores with a larger scale are an alternative choice to analyze the varied targets. First, the arriving probability of protein in pore mouth is governed by free diffusion in bulk, which is referred to the pore geometry [9, 35]. A higher capture rate is expected for large nanopores [35]. And both electroosmotic effect and protein-pore interaction corresponding to the electric double layer along the charged inner wall

will be weakened in large nanopores; thus, more proteins will freely pass through nanopores [36, 37]. Additionally, more space in large nanopores is in favor of the surface modification to change the physical and chemical properties of pores [38, 39], which will broadly expand the utility of nanopores for biological sensing. Certainly, the signal-to-noise ratio of the blockade current will inevitably deteriorate if the pore is too large. Hence, the choice of nanopore with a suitable dimension is critical for the design CUDC-907 of nanopore new devices to understand the physical mechanism of molecules translocating through nanopores. Herein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), an important transport protein, is chosen to pass through a silicon nitride nanopore with a diameter of 60 nm. By applying a set of biased voltages, the protein swims through the large channel with a detectable signal-to-noise ratio of the blockage current. Comparing with small nanopores, a higher threshold voltage of 300 mV is observed

to drive the protein into the nanopore. With the voltage increasing, the current blockage events are greatly enhanced and are classified as a function of voltages. At the medium-voltage region, the amplitude of blockage current increases linearly while the dwell time decreases exponentially with the increasing voltage. Despite more free space in our large nanopore, the adsorption and desorption phenomenon of proteins has also been detected with a prolonged dwell time, but it is greatly weakened compared with small nanopore cases. With further increasing voltage, the protein is more likely to be destabilized by the applied electric forces. And a couple of proteins can pass through the nanopore simultaneously. Together, the experiments yield a new aspect of protein transport through a solid-state nanopore with a large scale.

FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2006,58(2):205–213.see more PubMedCrossRef 12. Kivistik PA, Kivi R, Kivisaar M, Hõrak R: Identification of ColR binding consensus and prediction of regulon of ColRS two-component system. BMC molecular biology 2009, 10:46.PubMedCrossRef 13. Bayley SA, Duggleby CJ, Worsey MJ, Williams PA, Hardy KG, Broda P: Two modes of loss of the Tol function from Pseudomonas putida mt-2. Mol Gen Genet 1977,154(2):203–204.PubMedCrossRef 14. Nelson KE, Weinel C, Paulsen IT, Dodson RJ, Hilbert H, Martins dos Santos VA, Fouts DE, Gill SR, Pop M, Holmes M, et al.: Complete genome sequence and comparative analysis of the metabolically versatile

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Environ Microbiol 1995, 61:1363–1370.PubMed 11. Kudva IT, Jelacic S, Tarr PI, Youderian PA, Hovde CJ: Biocontrol of Escherichia coli O157 with O157-specific Dichloromethane dehalogenase bacteriophages. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999, 65:3767–3773.PubMed 12. Murinda SE, Roberts RF, Wilson RA: Evaluation of colicins for inhibitory activity against diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains, including serotype O157:H7. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996, 62:3196–3202.PubMed 13. Nurmi E, Nuotio L, Schneitz C: The competitive exclusion concept: development and future. Int J Food Microbiol 1992, 15:237–240.PubMedCrossRef 14. Zhao T, Doyle MP, Harmon BG, Brown CA, Mueller PO, Parks AH: Reduction of carriage of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle by inoculation with probiotic bacteria. J Clin Microbiol 1998, 36:641–647.PubMed 15. Potter AA, Klashinsky S, Li Y, Frey E, Townsend H, Rogan D, Erickson G, Hinkley S, Klopfenstein T, Moxley RA, Smith DR, Finlay BB: Decreased shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by cattle following vaccination with type III secreted proteins. Vaccine 2004, 22:362–369.PubMedCrossRef 16.

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A, Bogdanove AJ: Novel Candidate Virulence Factors in Rice Pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola as Revealed by Mutational Analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007, 73:8023–8027.PubMedCrossRef 43. Lerouge I, Vanderleyden J: O-antigen structural variation: mechanisms and possible roles in selleck compound library animal/plant-microbe interactions. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2002, 26:17–47.PubMedCrossRef 44. Darsonval A, Darrasse A, Durand K, Bureau C, Cesbron S, Jacques M-A: Adhesion and Fitness in the Bean Phyllosphere and Transmission to Seed of Xanthomonas fuscans

subsp. CA3 in vivo fuscans . Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2009, 22:747–757.PubMedCrossRef 45. de Souza AA TM, Coletta-Filho HD, Caldana C, Yanai GM, Muto NH, de Oliveira RC, Nunes LR, Machado MA: Gene expression profile of the plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa during biofilm formation in vitro. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004, 237:341–353.PubMed 46. Qi M, Nelson KE, Daugherty SC, Nelson WC, Hance IR, Morrison M, Forsberg CW: Novel Molecular Features of the Fibrolytic Intestinal Bacterium Fibrobacter intestinalis Not Shared with Fibrobacter succinogenes as Determined by Suppressive Subtractive Hybridization. J Bacteriol 2005, 187:3739–3751.PubMedCrossRef 47. ADAMTS5 Rajeshwari Selleckchem GSK872 R, Jha G, Sonti RV: Role of an In Planta-Expressed Xylanase of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Promoting Virulence on Rice. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2005, 18:830–837.PubMedCrossRef 48. White FF, Yang B: Host and

Pathogen Factors Controlling the Rice- Xanthomonas oryzae Interaction. Plant Physiol 2009, 150:1677–1686.PubMedCrossRef 49. Kay S, Bonas U: How Xanthomonas type III effectors manipulate the host plant. Current Opinion in Microbiology 2009, 12:37–43.PubMedCrossRef 50. Yang B, Zhu W, Johnson LB, White FF: The virulence factor AvrXa7 of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is a type III secretion pathway-dependent nuclear-localized double-stranded DNA-binding protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000, 97:9807–9812.PubMedCrossRef 51. Yang B, White F: Diverse members of the AvrBs3/PthA family of type III effectors are major virulence determinants in bacterial blight disease of rice. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2004, 17:1192–1200.PubMedCrossRef 52. Metz M, Dahlbeck D, Morales CQ, Al Sady B, Clark ET, Staskawicz BJ: The conserved Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria effector protein XopX is a virulence factor and suppresses host defense in Nicotiana benthamiana. The Plant Journal 2005, 41:801–814.PubMedCrossRef 53. Jiang B-L, He Y-Q, Cen W-J, Wei H-Y, Jiang G-F, Jiang W, Hang X-H, Feng J-X, Lu G-T, Tang D-J, Tang J-L: The type III secretion effector XopXccN of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris is required for full virulence. Research in Microbiology 2008, 159:216–220.PubMedCrossRef 54.

Online at www.​nccn.​org. 36. Nygren AOH, Ameziane N, Duarte HMB, et al.: Methylation-specific MLPA (MS-MLPA): simultaneous detection of CpG methylation and copy

number changes of up to 40 sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 2005, 33:e128.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 37. Dufort S, 17DMAG research buy Richard MJ, Lantuejoul S, et al.: Pyrosequencing, a method approved selleck compound to detect the two major EGFR mutations for anti EGFR therapy in NSCLC. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2011, 30:57.PubMedCrossRef 38. Campbell PT, Curtin K, Ulrich CM, et al.: Mismatch repair polymorphisms and risk of colon cancer, tumour microsatellite instability and interactions with lifestyle factors. Gut 2009,58(5):661–667.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 39. Niessen RC, Berends MJ, Wu Y, et al.: Identification of mismatch repair gene mutations in young patients with colorectal cancer and in patients with multiple tumours associated with hereditary non-polyposis Ruboxistaurin colorectal cancer. Gut 2006,55(12):1781–1788.PubMedCrossRef 40. Wright DM, Arnold JL, Parry

B, et al.: Immunohistochemistry to detect hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer in young patients: the 7-year Auckland experience. Dis Colon Rectum 2011,54(5):552–558.PubMedCrossRef 41. Ahnen DJ: The American college of gastroenterology Emily couric lecture — the adenoma – carcinoma sequence revisited: has the Era of genetic tailoring finally arrived? Am J Gastroenterol 2011, 106:190–198.PubMedCrossRef 42. Berndt SI, Platz EA, Fallin MD, et al.: Mismatch repair polymorphisms and the risk of colorectal

cancer. Int J Cancer 2007, 120:1548–1554.PubMedCrossRef 43. Bussolati G, Leonardo E: Technical pitfalls potentially affecting diagnoses in immunohistochemistry. J Clin Pathol 2008, 61:1184–1192.PubMedCrossRef 44. Hassen S, Boman BM, Ali N, et al.: Detection of DNA mismatch repair proteins in fresh human blood lymphocytes – towards a novel method for hereditary non polyposis colorectal cancer (lynch syndrome) screening. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2011, 30:100.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have Alanine-glyoxylate transaminase no competing interests. Authors’ contributions VS conceived of the study, participated in its design and coordination and performed clinical and endoscopic examination. LSM collected data, performed clinical and endoscopic examination and drafted the manuscript. AM carried out the mutational analysis, MD and BC carried out immunohistochemistry and Microsatellite instability analysis, IS performed statistical analysis and MA provided a critical revision of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Pancreatic carcinoma is the tenth most common malignant tumor, but is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide [1]. Less than 20% of pancreatic carcinoma patients are suitable for surgical resection, the majority of cases of pancreatic carcinoma are diagnosed at the locally advanced or metastatic stage.

Fig. 3 Ten year probability (in percent) of a hip fracture in women from different European countries. BMI set to 24 kg/m2 Limitations of FRAX The limitations of FRAX have been reviewed recently [79, 80]. The FRAX assessment takes no account of dose responses for several risk factors. For example, two prior fractures carry a much higher risk than a single prior fracture [79]. Dose responses

are also evident for glucocorticoid exposure [81], cigarette smoking [82] and alcohol Dinaciclib cell line intake [62]. Since it is not possible to accommodate all such scenarios with the FRAX algorithm, these limitations should temper clinical judgement. Relatively simple arithmetic procedures have been formulated which, if validated, can be applied

to conventional FRAX estimates of probabilities of hip fracture and a major fracture www.selleckchem.com/products/gm6001.html to adjust the probability assessment with knowledge of the dose of glucocorticoids (Table 6) [83]. For example, a woman aged 60 years from the UK taking glucocorticoids for rheumatoid arthritis (no other risk Talazoparib ic50 factors and BMI of 24 kg/m2) has a 10-year probability for a major fracture of 13 %. If she is on a higher than average dose of prednisolone (>7.5 mg daily), then the revised probability should be 15 % (13 × 1.15). Table 6 Average adjustment of 10-year probabilities of a hip fracture or a major osteoporotic fracture in postmenopausal women and older men according to dose of glucocorticoids (adapted from [83], with kind permission from Springer Science+Business Media B.V.) Dose Prednisolone equivalent (mg/day) Average adjustment over all ages Hip fracture Low <2.5 0.65 Medium 2.5–7.5 No adjustment O-methylated flavonoid High ≥7.5 1.20 Major osteoporotic fracture Low <2.5 0.8 Medium 2.5–7.5 No adjustment High ≥7.5 1.15 A further limitation is that the FRAX algorithm uses T-scores for femoral neck BMD. Whereas the performance characteristics of BMD at this site are as good as or better than other sites, the question arises whether

T-scores from other sites and technologies can be used. Unfortunately, the T- and Z-scores vary according to the technology used and the site measured. Lumbar spine BMD is frequently measured by DXA and indeed is incorporated into several clinical guidelines [49–51, 84–86]. It is the site favoured for monitoring treatment, and there is thus much interest in the incorporation into FRAX of measurements at the lumbar spine. The same is true for peripheral measurements (and QUS) where there are no facilities for central DXA. Although the measurement of two skeletal sites does not improve the general performance characteristics (sensitivity/specificity) of the BMD test in a given population [43], there are situations where there is a large discordance in the T-score at different skeletal sites in individuals for whom the use of this information will enhance the accuracy for the characterisation of risk, particularly if they lie close to an intervention threshold.

01), XOS (P < 0.01) or polydextrose (P < 0.001) when compared to groups fed the control diet (Table 1). Polydextrose ingestion was found to decrease (P < 0.001) the caecal pH (Table 1). Table 1 Weight and pH of caecum five days post challengea   Nb Caecum weight incl. content (mg) pH of caecal content Study A:      

Control 7 198.96 ± 14.15 7.52 ± 0.06 FOS 10 355.32 ± 32.09** 7.72 ± 0.19 XOS 7 358.74 ± 44.66** 7.45 ± 0.25 Study B:       Control 7 181.70 ± 10.60 7.08 ± 0.12 Beta-glucan 6 206.40 ± 76.03 6.85 ± 0.17 GOS 6 174.83 ± 38.95 7.07 ± 0.15 Study C:       Control 8 205.36 ± 20.93 7.17 ± 0.05 Inulin 8 263.24 ± 24.05 7.07 ± 0.09 Apple pectin 6 216.68 ± 18.20 7.02 ± 0.14 Polydextrose 5 637.74 ± 61.11*** 6.60 ± 0.05*** aValues represent means ± SEM. bGroup

size on Day 5 post RGFP966 mouse challenge. One mouse died during the acclimatisation period in the control group in study A. **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. Vactosertib molecular weight Salmonella cultivated from faecal samples and distal part of ileum There was a trend (Figure 1), though not statistically significant, indicating that faecal counts of S. Typhimurium cultivated from faecal samples were higher on Day 3 after challenge in the groups fed FOS (P = 0.068) and XOS (P = 0.066) when compared to the group fed the control diet. (Data not shown). In mice fed apple pectin, faecal counts of S. Typhimurium were significantly higher on Day 3 (P < 0.01) and Day 5 (P < 0.01) (Figure 1C). The increased faecal counts in the apple pectin group corresponded to a significantly higher number of S. Typhimurium in the content of the distal part of ileum at euthanisation on Day 5 (P < 0.01). Also in the PLX-4720 datasheet FOS and XOS group, there was a trend that ileal Salmonella counts were elevated (P = 0.182 and P = 0.242, respectively), though this was not statistically significant (Figure 1A). Figure 1 Salmonella counts in organs, distal ileum, and faeces. Enumeration of S. Typhimurium SL1344 from the liver,

spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, distal part of ileum and faeces from mice five days post challenge. A: Control, FOS and XOS; B: Control, beta-glucan and GOS; C: Control, inulin, apple pectin and polydextrose. Values represent means ± SEM. Prevalences of mice with detectable numbers of Salmonella Liothyronine Sodium in the organs are shown on the columns. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01 Feeding with beta-glucan and GOS did not significantly affect the ileal and fecal numbers of Salmonella when compared to the control (Figure 1B). Salmonella cultivated from liver, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes Numbers of S. Typhimurium cultivated from the liver, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes were significantly higher in mice fed FOS (P < 0.01) or XOS (P < 0.05) with an increase in the mean CFU counts of approximately 1.6 to1.8 logs (Figure 1A). In animals fed with apple pectin, a similar trend showing increased counts of Salmonella in liver (P = 0.154) and spleen (P = 0.198) was observed.