8: other specified congenital malformations of the intestine; ICD-10-CM K38.8: intussusception of the appendix) as well as for possible complications of intussusception, such as bowel obstruction. This data was compared to previously published data from the same hospital (January 1, 1995 to June 30, 2001) that was collected using the similar methodology [11] Patients with primary idiopathic intussusception confirmed by surgery, air or liquid-contrast enema as level 1 according to the Brighton Collaboration Clinical Case Definition, were included in the analysis [15]. To examine the Crizotinib possibility of a temporal association

between receipt of a rotavirus vaccine and intussusception, we obtained vaccination records from the Australian Childhood Immunisation

Register [16]. We compared the date of rotavirus immunisation to the recorded date of intussusception diagnosis, the age of each patient at the time of vaccination and the number and date of doses received. Data were entered and stored in a secure Microsoft Access 2003 database. Incidence rates were calculated using age specific population estimates for Victorian children obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics for each year of the study [17]. Ninety-five per cent confidence intervals for incidence rates and click here their ratios were calculated using standard methods based on Poisson distribution. Poisson regression analysis was used to estimate incidence rate ratios that describe the difference in incidence rate for each age group from the beginning to the end of the study period. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata 10.0 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA). This study was approved by the Ethics in Human Research Committee at the Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne. A total of 258 episodes of IS were identified in 230 children aged 24 months or less over the 8-year study period. Thirty-three patients were excluded from the final analysis. This

included 11 patients whose diagnosis was secondary to underlying pathologies such as; Meckel’s Diverticulum (n = 6), duplication cyst (n = 1), prolapsed Tolmetin stoma (n = 1) and post operative IS (n = 3). In addition, 21 cases of IS were found to be unproven on surgical or radiological investigations, and 1 case lacked sufficient data to make a complete assessment (n = 1). Approximately 9% (n = 28) of episodes were misclassified or coded incorrectly. Sixty-four cases were identified under codes that could be associated with intussusception and miscoded, although a subset analysis of these cases found no miscoded cases of intussusception. Four cases were not born in Victoria but presented to RCH for diagnosis and treatment of intussusception during the study.

Working groups must include one or more regular voting members as well as one medical specialist from the PHAC (as Medical Lead). There are currently two Medical Leads (including the Executive Secretary) distributed among eighteen working groups. A PHAC Medical Lead is a physician PI3K Inhibitor Library concentration who works closely with the Working Group chair and NACI Secretariat to assist with the technical analysis, literature review, and drafting of Advisory Committee Statements in addition to other roles and responsibilities, such as

responding to medical inquiries to NACI. External content experts or other consultants may be invited to serve on a Working Group (e.g. representatives from the Canadian Immunization Committee or the Committee to Advise on Tropical Medicine and Travel) as necessary to provide broad input. Information on NACI’s structure and processes is contained within its Terms of Reference, available publicly on the PHAC website (http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/naci-ccni/tor-eng.php#12). These Terms of Reference may be amended at any GDC-0199 manufacturer meeting by consensus or by vote. The National Advisory Committee on Immunization has three face-to-face meetings a year which occur over 2 days. Ad hoc teleconferences of the full committee are held as needed, and email correspondence occurs regularly. Meetings are not open to

the public. Additional observers (e.g. health care students/post-graduate physician trainees or PHAC staff) may attend upon request and approval of the NACI

Executive Committee, and after agreeing to confidentiality requirements. Experts, including representatives from vaccine manufacturers, may be invited to make presentations as needed. For each meeting, detailed Minutes and a succinct Summary of Discussions are prepared by the Secretariat, reviewed by the Executive Secretary and Chair of NACI, and approved by the NACI. The Summary of Discussions is used for information sharing beyond NACI however the detailed Minutes is a confidential Tolmetin document that is not distributed beyond the Committee. The agenda for NACI meetings is created based on changes in the epidemiology of vaccine-preventable diseases, new products, or new evidence about existing products. Potential topics may be submitted by committee members and other stakeholders, and are accepted for addition to the agenda by the Executive Secretary, in consultation with the Chair. An executive committee (consisting of the Chair, Vice-Chair, Executive Secretary, PHAC Medical Leads and NACI Secretariat) meets regularly by teleconference between meetings to oversee the progress of the Working Groups, plan full NACI meetings and deal with inter-current issues that arise. Members, liaison representatives and consultants are required to submit annual conflict of interest declarations to the Executive Secretary, based on Conflict of Interest Guidelines.

Susceptible, but not resilient, mice exhibited reduced permissive acetylation at the Rac1 promoter and its 2000-bp upstream region. Resilient mice showed reduced methylation within the Rac1 promoter whereas susceptible mice showed enhanced methylation in the 1000-bp upstream region. Chronic intra-NAc administration of an HDAC inhibitor reversed social avoidance behavior and rescued Rac1 expression in susceptible mice. Collectively, these results suggest that

epigenetic mechanisms maintain Rac1 Selleckchem LDN193189 expression in resilient mice, promoting adaptive behavioral response to stress, but have the opposite effect in susceptible mice. Analysis of human postmortem NAc tissue samples C59 cell line from depressed patients corroborated these animal findings. Rac1 expression was strongly reduced in unmedicated patients compared to controls, and depressed patients showed decreased acetylation in regions ∼200-bp upstream and downstream of the transcription start site (TSS) accompanied by increased methylation in the gene region ∼200-bp upstream of the TSS. Rac1 likely promotes resilient responses to CSDS via its effects on MSN spine structure. Viral-mediated overexpression of Rac1 reduced the CSDS-induced enhancement in dendritic stubby (immature) spine density whereas Cre-mediated Rac1 genetic deletion had the opposite effect. A

robust neurophysiological correlate of susceptibility to CSDS is the enhanced excitability of VTA dopamine neurons following stress (Krishnan et al., 2008 and Cao et al.,

2010). CSDS increases the spontaneous firing STK38 rate of VTA dopamine neurons and the percentage of neurons demonstrating burst firing events in susceptible, but not resilient, mice (Cao et al., 2010). These physiological changes correlate inversely with social interaction score and can be reversed with chronic antidepressant treatment, suggesting an involvement of stress-induced changes to neuronal excitability in depression-like behavior. One mechanism underlying enhanced excitability in susceptible mice is the Ih (hyperpolarization-activated cation) current (Cao et al., 2010). The Ih current regulates tonic firing of dopamine neurons as well as the transition from single-spike to burst firing, and is robustly increased only in susceptible mice following CSDS. Ih inhibitor infusion reverses social avoidance behavior, and chronic antidepressant treatment reduces the stress-induced increase in Ih current. Enhanced neuronal excitability is also mediated by reduced activation of AKT (thymoma-viral proto-oncogene) in the VTA, which likely produces a subsequent reduction in inhibitory tone (Krishnan et al., 2008). Phosphorylated AKT is reduced in the VTA of susceptible mice following CSDS, and this reduction is necessary and sufficient to produce social avoidance behavior.

7 ± 258 pg/mL vs. UV = 676.8 ± 124 pg/mL; p = n.s.). There are both quantitative and qualitative differences between monocytes from newborns and adults. Qualitative differences buy EPZ-6438 are evident in utero, as human fetal circulating monocytes reveal reduced levels of MHC class II molecules. Also, the addition of endotoxin to whole cord blood from human newborns results in diminished production of TNF when compared with adult peripheral blood [19]. Indeed, newborn-derived

monocytes cultured in whole blood or purified and cultured in autologous, newborn blood plasma show a 1-3-log impairment in TNF production in response to agonists of toll-like receptors [Reviewed by 16]. Thus, it has been confirmed that cells from umbilical cord produce fewer cytokines, such TNF-α, when compared to adult cells [19]. Another pattern was found when studying

MMP-9 levels induced by BCG-infected monocytes. MMP-9 is a metalloproteinase with pro-inflammatory properties and some specific functions, such as a reducing response to IL-2, generating similar fragments of angiostatin, having a high affinity for collagen, and stimulating secretion of cytokines, among them TNF-α and IL-1β [20]. Strikingly, virtually no production was found only in the naïve group, but again BCG was not able to distinguish resting, baseline levels found in the HD group. This observation can also be explained by circulating immature cells of the naïve group, as opposed to the already sensitized Z-VAD-FMK cost adults, to promptly produce MMP-9. As expected, this pattern was in agreement with the in-gel gelatin data, although those techniques are not related, and thus, the results are not directly compared

because they have distinct sensitivities. On the other Tryptophan synthase hand, Quiding-Jarbrink and colleagues in 2001 [20] showed increasing rates of MMP-9, but this may be related to different MOI ratio between theirs and the present study (10:1 vs. 2:1 respectively). In summary, one could conclude that the necrosis pattern found in monocytes from naïve group correlates well with IL-1β levels, but not with TNF-α and MMP-9, induced when those cells are BCG infected. Additional studies are warranted to rule out other mechanisms, such as pyroptosis. These findings support the hypothesis that BCG Moreau strain induces distinct cell-death patterns involving maturation of the immune system and that this pattern might set the stage for a subsequent antimycobacterial immune response, which may have profound effects during vaccination. The authors are grateful to Dr. Stuart Krassner (UCI, Irvine, USA) for text editing. We also thank Paulo Redner and Ariane L. de Oliveira (Leprosy Laboratory, IOC/FIOCRUZ), and Luana T.A. Guerreiro and Prof. Dasio Marcondes (Gaffree Guinle State University Hospital) for their help during technical procedures.

The rate of death was not significantly higher in those vaccinated with LAIV compared with those unvaccinated or vaccinated with TIV. There were 68 SAEs (3 in the clinic setting, 1 in the ED setting and 64 in the hospital setting) in 64 subjects within 42 days of vaccination with LAIV. SAEs within http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Imatinib-Mesylate.html 42 days of vaccination occurred at an incidence rate of 0.56 and 0.47 per 1000 person-months after the first and second dose, respectively, in those 5–8 years of age and at 1.08 per 1000 person-months in those

9–17 years of age. Of those occurring in 5- to 8-year-olds (n = 19) the most common primary diagnoses were trauma (n = 4), appendicitis (n = 2) and gastroenteritis (n = 2). Of those occurring in 9- to 17-year-olds (n = 49) PLX3397 concentration the most common primary diagnoses were psychiatric (n = 17), appendicitis (n = 6), and trauma (n = 5). In the analysis, the incidence rates of SAEs overall and by specific diagnosis were not significantly higher

or lower in LAIV recipients relative to control groups in any comparison. Of the SAEs occurring within 42 days postvaccination, only 2 events were categorized by investigators as possibly related to LAIV. A 9-year-old male subject experienced dystonic tongue posturing 3 days postvaccination that was classified as a nonspecific paroxysmal spell. The subject’s past medical history was significant for a previous episode of prolonged dystonic tongue posturing following a febrile seizure. The subject recovered in full. A case of Bell’s palsy occurred in a 10-year-old male subject 2 days postvaccination. The subject’s MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit past medical history was significant for a visit to the ED for left-sided headache, left-sided facial numbness, and nasal congestion 2 days before

receiving LAIV. The subject recovered in full. In all children 9–17 years of age, Bell’s palsy occurred in 2, 7, and 0 children vaccinated with LAIV or TIV or unvaccinated, respectively. There were 477 hospitalizations that were observed within 180 days of LAIV vaccination. Among those 5–8 years of age (n = 169) the most common first diagnoses were trauma (n = 31), otitis media (n = 17), and tonsillitis (n = 15). Most hospitalizations for otitis media (94%) were for prescheduled tympanostomy tube placements. Among those 9–17 years of age (n = 308), the most common first diagnoses were psychiatric (n = 68), trauma (n = 59) and appendicitis (n = 28). The only diagnoses significantly increased in LAIV recipients relative to control groups were tonsillitis within 42 days in those 9–17 years of age (LAIV, n = 7; unvaccinated, n = 1) and trauma within 42 days in those 5–8 (LAIV, n = 8; unvaccinated, n = 1) and 9–17 (LAIV, n = 13; TIV, n = 4) years of age. All hospitalizations for tonsillitis were for prescheduled tonsillectomies. One diagnosis in the hospital setting was significantly decreased in LAIV recipients relative to control groups: pregnancy/delivery within 42 days in 9- to 17-year-olds (LAIV, n = 0; TIV, n = 9).

The rate of mitochondrial ATP synthesis in some tissues is maintained at the expense of changes in metabolite concentrations, which might lead to increased free radical generation. The results of the current effort clearly indicate that oral treatment of MFE to diabetic rats increased the activities of hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, LDH and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase signifying

the effective utilization of glucose. The enhanced activity of glycogen synthase reflects the enriched glycogen content in the liver. The reduced activities of glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase in hepatic and renal tissues of diabetic rats and glycogen phosphorylase in hepatic Mdm2 inhibitor tissues of diabetic rats treated with MFE when compared with diabetic rats reveal the reduced endogenous glucose production through gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. MFE could improve the glycemic status by modulating the key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in hepatic and renal tissues of diabetic rats. However, the present study was Ibrutinib molecular weight carried out based on the SWOT analysis and hence the comprehensive

edifications involving the expression of these key enzymes as well as the active component characterization are under the way to progress in our lab, which are warranted to elucidate the exact mechanism of action of the MFE in controlling the hyperglycemia. All authors have none to declare. “
“Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are broad spectrum antibiotics which have been used extensively to treat a variety of diseases, such as gonococcal, osteomyelitis, enteric, respiratory and urinary tract infections. Despite of broad spectrum activity of FQs, the reports of resistance to FQs increased steadily and have become a global problem.1, 2, 3 and 4 Among the various mechanisms of resistance, conjugation is one of the main mechanism of resistance.5, 6, 7 and 8 Plasmids carrying qnr genes have been found to mediate quinolone resistance. The plasmid-borne qnr genes mainly

comprise of three families, qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS, whose nucleotide sequences differ from each other by 40% or more. 9 The qnrA gene has been found in Enterobacteriaceae worldwide with more prevalence in Asian Resveratrol clinical isolates. 10 Another quinolone resistance genes, qnrB and qnrS are also prevalent in Enterobacteriaceae and recently have been identified in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated in USA and India as well as in Shigella flexneri isolated in Japan. 7, 11, 12 and 13 Additionally, Qnr plasmids have also been reported in clinical isolates of Citrobacter freundii, Providencia stuartii, and Salmonella spp. 14 The frequency of quinolone resistance in extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) – producing isolates has been reported to be 18–56%, worldwide. 15 and 16 Clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and K. pneumoniae have been reported to be highly resistant to ciprofloxacin. 17 and 18 Eighty-six percent of the ESBL-producing E. coli strains were found to be resistant to levofloxacin in Shanghai, China.

These symptoms are more often associated gamma aminobutyric acid function with ILI presentation in younger children. The age difference is in line with that observed in other European countries. In the I-MOVE

study, the difference in the mean age between cases and controls in the paediatric population (1–14 years) was 1.5 years, similar to the difference observed in our study [24]. Almost all nasopharyngeal swabs were carried out within 2 days from symptoms onset to the ED, which is associated with a greater specificity. The fact that results were obtained several days after having conducted the test, excludes the possibility that the exposure information may have been biased by the knowledge of case/control status (and consequently no recall or ascertainment bias may have played a role). In Italy, influenza vaccination remains an unmet priority, as only 4% of children were vaccinated in the recent seasons [23]. Efforts should focus on paediatricians to discuss the importance of influenza vaccination for preventing major complications in both at-risk and healthy children. Systematic reviews and meta-analysis of existing studies may provide the basis for a new awareness on the positive benefit-risk profile of the influenza vaccination even among healthy children. Our study provides additional data on the effectiveness of the seasonal influenza vaccination in preventing visits to the Emergency Departments and hospitalisations

for ILI, and adds further evidence for vaccination recommendations especially in children. The study was partially funded by the Italian Medicines Agency Navitoclax concentration (AIFA). “
“Human infection with a newly emerged avian-origin influenza A/H7N9 virus was first confirmed in March 31, 2013, in China [1]. To date there have been 251 cases of human infection

caused by H7N9 virus in twelve provinces and two municipalities in China, with 20–30% mortality rate among infected the individuals. A case of severe illness imported from China was also confirmed in Taiwan in late summer, 2013 [2]. The clinical research reported that most of patients infected with the novel H7N9 virus exhibit severe illness, including pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome, with high rates of intensive care unit admission or death, suggesting it is highly pathogenic and high fatality rate to human [1]. Recent evidence showed that the novel H7N9 virus is originally zoonotic and may be better adapted than other avian influenza viruses such as H5N1 to infect human [1], [3], [4], [5] and [6]. Although no direct evidence has indicated the human-to-human transmission of the avian-origin H7N9 virus, recent studies reported that the virus may evolve to have the human-transmittable features through mutation in receptor binding site or genetic reassortment, and possibly results in a global pandemic in the future [7], [8], [9], [10] and [11].

Each subject was placed in the corner of the testing arena, and the time until the first feeding episode was recorded. Immediately after the mouse began to eat the chow, the tested animal was placed alone in its home cage with a weighed piece of chow for 5 min. At the end of this period, LY294002 the amount of food consumed was determined by weighing the piece of chow. After all the mice from a single cage had been tested, the mice were returned to their home cage with food and water provided ad libitum.

NBQX, PCPA, WAY100635, and ritanserin did not affect the latency to feed in the NSF test at the doses used in the present study (11). None of the treatments affected the amount of food consumed at doses used in the test (data not shown). The results were

expressed as the mean ± S.E.M. Statistical significance was determined using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or a two-way ANOVA, followed by the Student’s t-test and the Dunnett’s test or the LSD post-hoc test for comparing the treated group with a control group and multi-group comparisons, respectively. Statistical differences between the two sets of groups were determined using the Student’s t-test. A value of P <0.05 was considered statistically significant. MPEP significantly reduced the latency period until feeding in the NSF test [F(3,40) = 4.46, P < 0.01] ( Fig. 1). The decrease in the latency to feed induced by MPEP (3 mg/kg i.p.) was blocked by pretreatment with PCPA (300 mg/kg i.p. twice daily for 3 days) [MPEP, F(1,40) = 5.46, P < 0.05; PCPA, F(1,40) = 3.07, P = 0.09; interaction, F(1,40) = 4.87, Z-VAD-FMK P < 0.05] ( Fig. 1). Pretreatment with PCPA itself did not affect the latency to feed ( Fig. 1). MPEP significantly reduced the latency period until feeding in the NSF test [F(1,22) = 8.25, P < 0.01] ( Fig. 2). The decrease Vasopressin Receptor in the latency to feed induced by MPEP (3 mg/kg i.p.) was not blocked by pretreatment with a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist,

WAY100635 (0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg s.c.) [F(3,43) = 0.06, P = 0.98] ( Fig. 2). MPEP significantly reduced the latency period until feeding in the NSF test [F(1,22) = 12.36, P < 0.01] ( Fig. 3). The decrease in the latency to feed induced by MPEP (3 mg/kg i.p.) was blocked by pretreatment with a 5-HT2A/2C receptor antagonist, ritanserin (0.5 mg/kg i.p.) [F(3,44) = 3.86, P < 0.05] ( Fig. 3). MPEP significantly reduced the latency period until feeding in the NSF test [F(1,21) = 14.54, P < 0.01] ( Fig. 4). The decrease in the latency to feed induced by MPEP (3 mg/kg i.p.) was not blocked by pretreatment with an AMPA receptor antagonist, NBQX (1, 3 and 10 mg/kg s.c.) [F(3,44) = 0.59, P = 0.63] ( Fig. 4). In the present study, we demonstrated that, similar to ketamine, an mGlu5 receptor antagonist exerted its effect through the serotonergic system in the NSF test, although the mechanisms of the involvement of the serotonergic system were different.

Scale up cycle sequencing was carried out at 54 °C using a thermal cycler (PTC 100, M J Research, Water Town, MA) at the following conditions: initial denaturation of 3 min at 94 °C, denaturation of 1 min at 94 °C, primer annealing for 1 min at 54 °C, extension of 2 min at 72 °C, final extension for 5 min at 72 °C; total 30 cycles and stored at 4 °C. The amplified PCR products were separated Volasertib mw on 1% agarose gel along with 500 bp of

DNA ladder (NEB, Beverly, MA). The DNA sequencing was done using 50 ng PCR products having 8 μl of ready reaction mix (BDT v 3.0, Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) and 5 p Mol of forward primer. The cycling conditions used were as follows: 25 cycles of 96 °C for 10 S, selleckchem 50 °C for 5 S and 60 °C for 4 min. Samples were further washed with 70% ethanol and kept suspended in Hi-Di formamide (Applied Biosystems). The sequencing was carried out in ABI prism 3100 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). The sequences were checked against the microbial nucleotide databases using BLASTN search algorithm.15 The 1132 bp sequence of 16S

rRNA gene of initially identified B. subtilis (inoculated) was used as standard to confirm the transmission of B. subtilis from the parent to the eggs of F1 generation. The homology of 16S rRNA gene sequences of B. subtilis obtained from hemolymph of infected parent and from infected F1 progeny embryos matched with standard sequence. In the parent silkworm, B. mori CLUSTALW 2.0.8 was used to align the homology of 16S specific sequences belong to bacterial isolates from infected parents and the F1 eggs obtained from infected parents. The nucleotide sequence of B. subtilis 16S rRNA gene sequence has been deposited in the Gene almost Bank Database under accession number AB486008. Inoculation of B. subtilis to third instar larvae of B. mori reduced feeding

activity. The vomiting and gradual shrinking of larvae with the progression of disease were the prominent symptoms ( Fig. 1). Mortality attributable to infection occurred in group A and B, at about 72 and 96 hours post inoculation (h.p.i.), respectively. Moulting was delayed by nearly 24 h in both the inoculated groups as compared with control. The overall mortality was 77.9% and 64.6% with higher and lower doses, respectively ( Table 1). The larvae of group “A” that received a low dose, were able to spin cocoons and reached to adult stage. The larvae inoculated with higher dose were unable to reach the adult stage and died during spinning ( Fig. 2). The transmission of B. subtilis in progeny eggs of infected parents was confirmed by 16S rRNA sequence homology. These sequences when aligned with 16S rRNA sequence of B. subtilis isolated from the parental generation provided 100% sequence homology for 1132 bases ( Fig. 3), suggesting the occurrence of transmission.

The solubility products (Ksp) of the formed ion-associates were determined conductimetrically 30 as described under the experimental part. The equilibrium constant of the precipitation reaction (K) is inversely proportional to the solubility product (Ksp), MG-132 supplier whereas the smaller the solubility product of the formed ion-associate, the sharper the end point ( Table 4). The solubility product of ion associate of TB-PTA is lower than that of LOP-PTA, so it is most stable. The equilibrium constants of the ion-associate formation reactions are calculated and represented as follows: 3D+ + PT−3 = D3PT. The validity of the proposed

method was assessed by its application to the determination of the investigated drugs in their pharmaceutical preparation (Triton tablets) in case of TB and Imodium capsules in case of LOP.HCl using the same procedure and conditions applied for pure solutions. From the results shown in Table 2, it is clear that the mean recovery values for Triton tablets were 99.04%, and for Imodium capsules were 99.47%. The results obtained PCI32765 from the conductimetric determination of the drugs were subjected to statistical treatment to compare the precision of the employed technique to that methods used as references by applying F and t-tests as shown in Table 3. 29 The results shown in Table 3 are lower than the theoretical tabulated values,

i.e. the method applied does not exhibit significant difference which reflects the accuracy and precision of this method. The proposed method has the advantages of being simple, rapid, accurate and highly reproducible. It also uses simple reagents and apparatus and is applicable to a wide range of drug concentration. The proposed method is suitable for the determination of the studied drugs in dosage forms without interference from excipients such as starch and glucose or from common degradation Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase products suggesting application in bulk drug and in dosage forms analysis.

All authors have none to declare. “
“Curculigo orchioides Gaerth, is one of the well known medicinal plant belonging to the family Hypoxidaceae (Amaryllidaceae). It is distributed widely in the southern parts of Japan, China, India and Australia, generally used as a tonic in traditional Chinese medicine to treat decline in physical strength. 1 Its rhizomes are used as an alternative for demulcent, diuretic, restorative and for the treatment of jaundice. 2 Curculigoside, an active compound isolated from C. orchioides can improve cognitive function and is developed as a new drug for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. 3 and 4 Despite the use of the plant in traditional, so far no scientific evaluation was carried out on this plant for the toxicity profile. Our study was therefore undertaken to screen phytochemical constituents and determine the toxicity profile of methanolic extract of root parts of Curculigo orchioides (MECO) on Wistar Albino rats.