Of the organisms tested, all except PsA demonstrated significant decline in ATP production which correlated with loss of CFU viability; ATP production in PsA declined significantly ATM Kinase Inhibitor cell line up to 5 mM but did not correlated with decline in CFU viability. These data present evidence that H2O2 affects ATP production in bacteria suggesting that there are H2O2-sensitive sites in the bacterial ATP production machinery or that H2O2 assault disrupts pathways of energy production. The profile of abolished ATP production with HOCl treatment was different from that of H2O2 in that HOCl-induced loss of ATP production correlated significantly

with the loss of CFU viability in PsA, BC, and EC, while these two parameters were statistically independent in SA and KP (Figure 5). Interestingly, ATP production in KP was unaffected by HOCl concentrations up to

0.1 mM, a dose exceeding that required for complete eradication of the entire samples at the cellular densities used herein. Given the Gilteritinib price results obtained in SA and KP, it can be inferred that loss of CFU viability is not completely dependent on disruption of ATP production. In light of these results, VX-765 price further studies are required to elucidate the specific mechanisms of oxidant-induced bactericidal activity against different bacterial species. Conclusions We have demonstrated that the HOCl-resistance profile of microorganisms relates to its clinical pathogenicity in CF lung disease. Therefore, defective oxidant-mediated phagocytic host defense in CF may predispose the patient to chronic infections, especially those caused by PsA.

Furthermore, oxidants affect bacterial membrane permeability and ATP energy production. But the effects are organism-specific, indicating that varied survival advantages exist among learn more the bacteria when they are phagocytosed and encounter phagocyte-produced oxidants. Acknowledgements The work was supported by the grant from the National Institutes of Health to G. Wang (R01 AI72327). References 1. Collins FS: Cystic fibrosis: molecular biology and therapeutic implications. Science 1992,256(5058):774–779.PubMedCrossRef 2. Welsh MJ, Ramsey BW, Accurso F, Cutting G: Cystic Fibrosis. In Metabolic and Molecular Basis of Interited Disease. 8th edition. Edited by: Scriver CR. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2001:5121–5188. 3. Davis PB, Drumm M, Konstan MW: Cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996,154(5):1229–1256.PubMed 4. Sadikot RT, Blackwell TS, Christman JW, Prince AS: Pathogen-host interactions in Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005,171(11):1209–1223.PubMedCrossRef 5. Foundation CF: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Patient Rigestry: 2009 Annual Data Report. [http://​www.​cff.​org/​UploadedFiles/​research/​ClinicalResearch​/​Patient-Registry-Report-2009.​pdf] 6. Gibson RL, Burns JL, Ramsey BW: Pathophysiology and management of pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003,168(8):918–951.

The literature review demonstrated that 31% of all cases did not have thrombosis of the IJV, however there were only 3/78 (4%) of cases with no associated thrombosis. Therefore thrombosis in the presence of fusobacterial Selleck OICR-9429 bacteraemia would be a more appropriate diagnostic criterion than defining the disease by specific SIS3 price anatomically located thromboses.

In the context of the literature our case was unusual in that it demonstrated unique anatomical variation of the metastases and required surgery as the primary modality of treatment. Our patient did not have any pulmonary metastases which some authors have argued is a key diagnostic criterion for Lemierre’s syndrome [5]. However, our literature review has demonstrated that 30% DZNeP mouse of the cases had no pulmonary involvement. In view of this fact the authors support Riordan’s suggestion that Lemierre’s Syndrome should be reconstituted as fusobacterium necrophorum sepsis, however with the additional diagnostic criterion of the presence of thrombosis. It would seem that the septic metastases are a common complication of the syndrome with huge anatomical variation and as such are not essential to diagnose the condition. Consent Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this Case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available

for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal. References 1. Lemierre A: On certain septicemias due to anaerobic organisms. Lancet 1936, 1:701–703.CrossRef 2. Kleinman PK, Flowers RA: Necrotising pneumonia after pharyngitis due to Fusobacterium necrophorum. Paediatr Radiol 1984,14(1):49–51.CrossRef 3. Park D, Rezajooi Glutamate dehydrogenase K, Sabin I: Lemierre’s syndrome an unusual manifestation of spinal infection. J Bone Joint Surg, Br Vol 2006,88(2):261–262.CrossRef 4. Saed S, Zafar U, Johnson LB: Fusobacterium causing concomitant liver and brain abscesses. Infect Dis Clin Pract 2005,13(5):265–267.CrossRef 5. Karkos PD, Asrani S, Karkos CD, Leong SC, Theochari EG, Alexopoulou EG, Assimakopoulos AD: Lemierre’s

syndrome: a systematic review. Laryngoscope 2009,119(8):1552–1559.PubMedCrossRef 6. Kujur R, Rao SM, Badwaik G, Paraswani R: Thrombosis associated with right internal jugular central venous catheters: A prospective observational study Indian. J Crit Care Med 2012,16(1):17–21. 7. Van Rooden CJ, Tesselaar MET, Osanto S, Rosendaal FR, Huisman MV: Deep vein thrombosis associated with Central Venous Catheters; a review. J Thromb Haemost 2005, 3:2409–2419.CrossRef 8. Lordick F, Hentrich M, Decker T, Hennig M, Pohlman H, Hartenstein R, Peschel C: Ultrasound screening for internal jugular vein thrombosis aids the detection of central venous catheter-related infections in patients with haemato-oncological diseases: a prospective observational study. Br J Haematol 2003,120(6):1073–1078.PubMedCrossRef 9.

5G illumination using the BQP method. The calculated solar cell parameters are shown in Table 3. Also, the calculated quantum efficiencies are shown in Figure 7. The simulated quantum efficiencies are

multiplied by 0.12 for comparison with the experimental one. The calculated short-circuit current densities (J sc) and quantum efficiencies are much higher than those of the experimental results. There are two possible reasons. The first reason is due to the difference of the doping concentration in a Si-QDSL layer. In an actual solar cell, the phosphorus concentration in the Si-QDSL absorber layer is more than 1 × 1019 cm-3 due to the high-temperature annealing process [34]. From the simulations, the J sc and the quantum efficiency in the whole wavelength region becomes lower if the phosphorus concentration in the Si-QDSL layer increases. The phosphorus in the Si-QDSL layer degrades the J sc due to the reduction of the electrical RepSox field in the Si-QDSL layer. Unfortunately, simulations were not possible when the dopant concentration in the Si-QDSL was higher than 1 × 1017 cm-3 due to the convergence problem of the BQP calculations. It is expected that J sc will decrease more if the dopant concentration becomes higher. We previously Selleck Alpelisib reported that the quantum efficiency 4EGI-1 in vitro in the whole wavelength region decreases as the dopant concentration in the Si-QDSL increases from experiments and the simulations using classical model [35], which is similar to

the results of the BQP method. The second reason is due to the optical losses in the n-type poly-Si layer. In this calculation, the surface roughness of the textured quartz substrate was not taken into account. The effective optical path length in the n-type layer of the simulated structure should be shorter than that of the actual solar cell structure. As a result, the simulated quantum efficiency in the short-wavelength region is higher than that of the experimental because of the low optical absorption loss in the n-type poly-Si layer. Even though the J sc mismatch, the absorption edge can be estimated from the simulated quantum efficiency. The calculated quantum efficiencies

at the long-wavelength region are in agreement with those of the experimental one. This suggests that the absorption edge of the solar cell can be theoretically reproduced using this simulation. Moreover, the absorption edge was estimated acetylcholine to be 1.49 eV, which is quite similar to the absorption edge of the Si-QDSL estimated from the optical measurements. This indicates that the photogeneration in the Si-QDSL solar cell is thought to be the contribution from Si-QDs, and it is possible to fabricate the solar cells with silicon nanocrystal materials, whose bandgaps are wider than that of a crystalline silicon. Conclusions The fundamental optical properties of Si-QDSLs were investigated, and the solar cell structure using the Si-QDSL as an absorber layer was fabricated and characterized.

Adv Mater 2008, 20:4845–4850.CrossRef 33. Deng H, Li X, Peng Q, Wang X, Chen J, Li Y: Monodisperse magnetic single-crystal ferrite microspheres. Angew Chem Int Ed 2005, 44:2782–2785.CrossRef 34. Zhu L, Xiao H, Zhang W, Yang G, Fu S: One-pot template-free synthesis of monodisperse and

single-crystal magnetite hollow spheres by a simple solvothermal route. Crystal Growth & Design 2008, 8:957–963.CrossRef 35. Refait P, Génin JMR: The oxidation find more of ferrous hydroxide in chloride-containing aqueous media and Pourbaix diagrams of green rust one. Corros Sci 1993, 34:797–819.CrossRef 36. Refait P, Abdelmoula M, Génin JMR: Mechanisms of formation and structure of green rust one in aqueous corrosion of iron in the presence of chloride ions. Corros Sci 1998, 40:1547–1560.CrossRef 37. McGill IR, McEnaney B, Smith DC: Crystal structure of green rust formed by corrosion of cast iron. Nature 1976, 259:200–201.CrossRef 38. Smit J, Wijn HPJ: Ferrites: Physical Properties of

Ferrimagnetic Oxides in Relation to Their Technical www.selleckchem.com/products/Ispinesib-mesilate(SB-715992).html Applications. New York: Wiley; 1959. 39. Daou TJ, Grenéche JM, Pourroy G, Buathong S, Derory A, Ulhaq-Bouillet C, Donnio B, Guillon D, Begin-Colin S: Coupling agent effect on magnetic properties of functionalized magnetite-based nanoparticles. Chem Mater 2008, 20:5869–5875.CrossRef 40. Serna CJ, Bødker F, Mørup S, Morales MP, Sandiumenge F, Veintemillas-Verdaguer S: Spin frustration in maghemite nanoparticles. Solid State Commun 2001, 118:437–440.CrossRef 41. Morales

MP, Serna CJ, Bødker F, Mørup S: Spin canting due to structural disorder in maghemite. J Phys Condens SGC-CBP30 solubility dmso Matter 1997, 9:5461–5467.CrossRef 42. Horng L, Chern G, Chen MC, Kang PC, Lee DS: Magnetic anisotropic properties in Fe 3 O 4 and CoFe 2 O 4 ferrite epitaxy thin films. J Magn Magn Mater 2004, 270:389–396.CrossRef 43. Ma M, Wu Y, Zhou J, Sun ADAMTS5 Y, Zhang Y, Gu N: Size dependence of specific power absorption of Fe 3 O 4 particles in AC magnetic field. J Magn Magn Mater 2004, 268:33–39.CrossRef 44. Hayashi K, Moriya M, Sakamoto W, Yogo T: Chemoselective synthesis of folic acid-functionalized magnetite nanoparticles via click chemistry for magnetic hyperthermia. Chem Mater 2009, 21:1318–1325.CrossRef 45. Rashad MM, El-Sayed HM, Rasly M, Nasr MI: Induction heating studies of magnetite nanospheres synthesized at room temperature for magnetic hyperthermia. J Magn Magn Mater 2012, 324:4019–4023.CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions MM conceived, designed, and carried out the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the paper. YZ and ZG provided comments/suggestions. NG guided the research. All authors discussed the results, and read and approved the final manuscript.

, Cramlington, UK) and MAPK inhibitor detected using a CCD-UVIprochemin system (UVItec Ltd., Cambridge, UK).

MK-0518 Co-immunoprecipitation samples were prepared as follows: cell lysate of the protein of interest was probed with primary antibody (1:100 dilution) and placed on a rotating wheel for 2 hour allowing Claudin-5 antibody to bind to their targets. One hundred microlitres of conjugated A/G protein agarose beads (Santa-Cruz Biotechnologies Inc., USA) were added to each sample to make the antibody-protein complex insoluble, followed by overnight incubation on the rotation wheel. The supernatant was discarded and the pellet was washed in 200 μl of lysis buffer and resuspended in 200 μl of 2X Lamelli sample buffer concentrate (Sigma-Aldrich, Dorset, UK), then denatured for 5 minutes by boiling at 100°C. Two Claudin-5 antibodies were used to prevent cross-reactivity with N-WASP and ROCK antibodies. Trans-epithelial resistance (TER) Cells were seeded into 0.4 μm transparent pore size inserts (Greiner bio-one, Stonehouse, UK) at a density of 50,000

cells in 200 μl of ordinary medium within 24 well plates, grown to confluence, the medium removed and replaced with fresh Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s medium containing 15 Mm Hepes, L-Glutamine ( Lonza Laboratories, Verviers, Belgium). Medium alone was added to the base of the wells (control) or with 50 ng/ml HGF [22]. Resistance across the layer JPH203 of MDA-MB-231 cells was measured using an EVON volt-ohmmeter (EVON, World Precision Instruments, Aston, Herts, UK), equipped with static electrodes (WPI, FL, USA) for a period of 4 h. In vitro cell growth assay MDA-MB-231 cells were seeded into a 96 well plate at a density of 3,000 cells/well to obtain density readings after 4 hours (day 0), 1 day, 3 days and 4 days. Within each experiment Rebamipide four duplicates were set up. After appropriate incubation periods, cells were fixed in 4% formaldehyde in BSS for 5-10 minutes before staining for 10 minutes with 0.5% (w/v) crystal violet in distilled water. The crystal violet was then extracted from

the cells using 10% acetic acid. Absorbance was determined at a wavelength of 540 nm on a plate reading spectrophotometer. In vitro cell matrix adhesion assay The cell-matrix attachment was carried out as previously described method [24]. Briefly, 45,000 cells were seeded onto the Matrigel basement (10 μg/well) membrane in 200 μl of normal medium and incubated at 37°C with 5% CO2 for 40 minutes. After the incubation period, the medium was aspirated and the membrane washed 5 times with 150 μl of BSS to remove the non-attached cells, then fixed in 4% formaldehyde (v/v) in BSS for 10minutes before being stained in 0.5% crystal violet (w/v) in distilled water. The number of adherent cells were counted from 5 random fields per well and 5 duplicate wells per sample, under a microscope.

Such samples can be made as frozen solutions, avoiding the problems of trying to obtain single crystals. The study by this technique of trapped intermediates and treated samples has yielded insights into the mechanism of the reaction involved, in several biological systems.   (4) Damage to biological samples by X-rays is cause for serious concern for X-ray SCH727965 purchase crystallography and XAS experiments. However, with the right precautions one can successfully perform these experiments leaving the materials largely intact. The most serious damage is produced by the reaction with free radicals and hydrated electrons that are produced in

biological samples P505-15 cell line by X-rays. The diffusion of the free radicals and hydrated electrons can be minimized by the use of low temperatures. The use of a liquid He flow cryostat or liquid He cryostream, where the samples are at atmospheric pressure in a He gas atmosphere, has greatly reduced the risk of sample damage by X-rays. XAS experiments require a lower X-ray dose than X-ray crystallography, and radiation damage can be precisely monitored and controlled, thus allowing

for data collection from an intact metal cluster (Yano et al. 2005b; Corbett et al. 2007).   Limitations (1) It is also important to realize MG-132 purchase the intrinsic limitations of EXAFS, beyond those of a purely experimental nature. A frequent problem is the inability to distinguish between scattering atoms with little difference in atomic number (C, N, O or S, Cl, or Mn, Fe). Care must also be exercised when deciding between atoms that are apart in Z, as frequently, it is possible to obtain equally good fits using backscattering atoms which are very different in Z (e.g., Mn or Cl), but which are at different distances from the absorbing atom. This is more acute when dealing with Fourier peaks at greater distances. In bridged multinuclear centers, it is not always possible to unequivocally assign the Fourier peaks at >3 Å O-methylated flavonoid (Scott and Eidsness

1988).   (2) Distances are usually the most reliably determined structural parameters from EXAFS. But the range of data that can be collected, often-times due to practical reasons like the presence of the K-edge of another metal, limits the resolution of distance determinations to between 0.1 and 0.2 Å. Also it is difficult to determine whether a Fourier peak should be fit to one distance with a relatively large disorder parameter or to two distances, each having a small disorder parameter. Careful statistical analysis, taking into consideration the degrees of freedom in the fits, should precede any such analysis. The resolution in the distance Δr can be estimated from the relation that ΔrΔk ~ 1 (see “Range-extended XAS”).   (3) Determination of coordination numbers or number of backscatterers is fraught with difficulties.

Discussion Figure  1 shows MK-0518 solubility dmso the typical XRD patterns of N-doped mesoporous TiO2 nanorods. It is obvious that the samples except NMTNR-4-600 were in anatase

phase according to the identified diffraction peaks (JCPDS no. 21–1272). The weaker peak of NMTNR-4-400 indicates the lower crystallinity of the sample. The average crystal sizes of the samples were calculated with the Scherrer formula and were listed in Table  1. In addition, no nitrogen-derived peaks can be detected in the samples. This is because of the low dosage of the dopant well dispersed in mesoporous TiO2 nanorods [11, 12]. Figure 1 XRD patterns of N-doped mesoporous TiO 2 nanorods. Table 1 Structural properties of the different samples Sample Crystal size A/Ra(nm) Accurate N contentb(at.%) S BET c(m2 g-1) D p d(nm) V p e(cm3 g-1) E g f(eV) NMTNR-4-400 12.7/- 0.74 87.6 6.2 0.1641 2.14 NMTNR-2-500 13.5/- 0.53 83.5 6.5 0.1621 2.23 NMTNR-4-500 15.1/- 0.86 90.1 6.1 0.1623 2.16 NMTNR-6-500 20.6/- 1.31 106.4 9.0 0.2550 2.05 NMTNR-4-600 35.5/58.6 0.32 76.1 7.0 0.1527 2.83 aCrystal size of the anatase (A)/rutile (R) MK-2206 cost particles calculated from XRD results. bAccurate N content (at.%) estimated from XPS. cBET specific surface area. dBJH adsorption average pore diameter (4 V/A). eSingle point adsorption total pore volume of pores less than 176.5958 nm diameter

at P/P 0 = 0.988927610. fThe band gap values estimated with Kubelka-Munk 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase function from UV–vis absorbance spectra. XPS analysis of

the sample NMTNR-4-500 was shown in Figure  2a. The binding energies were corrected for specimen charging by referencing C ls to 285 eV. The peaks observed in this spectrum were assigned to C, O, Ti, and N. Figure  2b displays the high-resolution N 1 s spectra, which reveals a major N 1 s peak at around 400 eV due to the adsorbed NO or N in Ti-O-N and O-Ti-N bonds [2, 13, 14]. The N contents of different samples estimated from XPS selleck products spectra were listed in Table  1. It is obvious that the N peaks become stronger and stronger with the increase of the N content. Figure 2 XPS spectra of NMTNR-4-500 (a) and N 1  s XPS spectra of N-doped mesoporous TiO 2 nanorods (b). Figure  3 depicts the N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms of N-doped mesoporous TiO2 nanorods. The isotherms belong to the type IV with H2 hysteresis loop, indicating the existence of the porous structure [15]. According to the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, the specific surface areas for these samples (Table  1) are remarkably higher (76.1 to 106.4 m2 g-1) than that of Degussa P25 (50 m2 g-1). The Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) adsorption average pore diameters (4 V/A) and the pore volumes of the samples were also given in Table  1. It could be observed that with the increase of N proportion, the specific surface area and the pore volume was increased.

We did not observe differences in oxidative response in IFN-γ induced MØ infected with wild type and JQEZ5 datasheet mutant strains. However, the IFN-γ induces iNOS expression initiating the production of NO by MØ prior to their infection with Mtb (data not shown). The high level of NO reached in IFN-γ treated MØ cannot be subsequently lowered even by wild type Mtb

at least within the period of the experiment. Therefore, IFN-γ-activated MØ produced a similar, high amount of NO in response to the infection with wild-type or mutant strains. Phagocytosis of Mtb initiates the production of both TNF-α and IL-10 by MØ. It has been demonstrated by others that TNF-α together with IFN-γ participate in the killing of Mtb through the induction of NO and ROS production. TNF-α is also essential for granuloma Tozasertib in vivo formation [30–32]. We found here that the infection of resting and INF-γ-activated MØ with wild-type Mtb or ΔkstD mutant caused the release of equal amounts of TNF-α. At the same time however, we observed a greater increase in the production of IL-10 by IFN-γ-activated MØ infected with the ΔkstD strain compared to those infected with the wild-type or complemented strains. It has been reported that Bucladesine nmr pathogenic strains of Mtb stimulate lower levels of TNF-α production by MØ than non-pathogenic

species [32]. IL-10 is an immunosuppressive cytokine that blocks phagosome maturation and antigen presentation and also limits the Th1 response [33]. Thus, our finding that MØ infected with the ΔkstD strain produce higher PJ34 HCl level of IL-10 than MØ infected with wild-type Mtb and that similar amount of TNF-α is released by MØ after infection with both strains may suggest that certain aspects of the virulence activity of the wild-type strain are in fact not affected in the ΔkstD mutant. Interestingly, we found that blocking the TLR2-mediated signaling pathway

prior to infection restored the phenotype of the ΔkstD mutant in resting MØ to a level similar to that of the wild-type strain. However, neither anti-TLR2 blocking mAb nor IRAK1/4 inhibitor altered the response of MØ to wild-type Mtb. These results suggest that TLR2 signaling is disrupted in MØ infected with wild-type Mtb, but not in MØ infected with the mutant strain. The essential role of the TLR2-mediated pathway in the production of NO and ROS in Mtb-infected MØ is well documented [5, 6, 26, 34]. Further study is needed to elucidate the complete mechanism by which Mtb affects TLR2 signaling whether the ability of Mtb to catabolize cholesterol might be important for this process. It has been demonstrated by others that Mtb is able to modulate macrophage signaling pathways by stimulating phosphorylation of the Bcl-2 family member Bad as well as AKT kinase [35].

70 adiC 11.62 nd Nd nd 1.41 Lysine-dependent specific pathway cadC 4.62 5.77 6.38 nd nd General acid stress resistance pathway hdeA 1 32.37 nd Nd 41.20 6.55 hdeD 18.96 nd Nd 17.57 5.89 adiY 5.08 5.00 5.00 nd nd nd: non-determined. 1: Since several genes are organized in operon and/or are highly homologous to each other, results obtained with gadA also corresponds to gadBC; with gltD to gltB; with hdeA to hdeB; with dctR to slp. Quantitative RT-PCR were performed on total RNA isolated from exponential growth phase cultures. Standard deviations were less than 20% of the mean. Identification of the target genes for major regulators To decipher the

AZD8931 ic50 regulatory selleck inhibitor hierarchy in acid stress resistance involving several new H-NS controlled regulators, the mRNA level of target genes was AICAR research buy compared between wild-type and hns, hns rcsB, hns gadE, hns hdfR, hns adiY mutant strains, using real-time quantitative RT-PCR (Table 4). In particular, we compared the expression ratio between a double mutant and

the wild-type strain with that for hns-deficient and the wild-type strain. H-NS having negative effect on target genes, these genes are strongly derepressed in hns mutant in comparison with wild-type strain. If this strong H-NS repressive effect is abolished in the absence of a regulator negatively controlled by H-NS, we can conclude that this deleted regulator has positive effect on target gene expression and may be an intermediary actor in H-NS-dependent control for this target, as previously shown [6]. It was found that RcsB and GadE upregulate, at the similar level, newly identified genes involved in acid stress resistance pathways dependent on glutamate (yhiM and aslB), but these two regulators did not affect the expression of regulatory genes, cadC and adiY (Table 4). Neither RcsB nor GadE controlled hdfR regulatory gene expression (data not shown), suggesting that the hdfR is not

the target of RcsB-P/GadE complex. We found that HdfR controlled only the expression of aslB and gltBD in the glutamate-dependent acid stress resistance regulon (Table 4). As expected, AdiY strongly affected adiA and adiC expression, and also the expression of some genes related to the glutamate specific pathway (aslB, gadA, gadBC, gltBD, and slp-dctR) and to general acid resistance (hdeAB and hdeD) (Table 4). These results demonstrated a multiple control of several target genes involving isothipendyl different regulators acting independently from each other. Identification of the new targets directly controlled by RcsB-P/GadE complex Gel mobility shift assays were performed with a mixture of purified RcsBD56E and GadE proteins to know whether the regulatory complex directly controlled yhiM and aslB. It was established that the RcsBD56E/GadE regulatory complex binds to the promoter regions of the two genes (Figure 1A), demonstrating the direct control by the RcsB-P/GadE complex. Figure 1 Gel mobility shift assays with GadE/RcsB D56E complex, HdfR and AdiY. A.

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