We show that the model based on the mRNA diffusion hypothesis is consistent with the known observational data, supporting the recent experimental findings of the gradient of bicoid mRNA in Drosophila [Spirov et al. (2009). buy ARN-509 Development 136, 605-614]. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“BACKGROUND: O-6-methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation in adult glioblastomas (glioblastoma multiforme) is considered a promising molecular alteration, predictive of better response to temozolomide therapy

and longer overall survival.

OBJECTIVE: To look at the frequency of MGMT methylation in glial tumors of all grades and types, and correlate this alteration with loss of heterozygosity 1p/19q, TP53 gene mutations, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) amplification, and isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutations.

METHODS: One hundred two gliomas of various grades and subtypes were assessed by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction for MGMT promoter methylation status. The results were correlated with 1p/19q status, EGFR amplification, TP53, and IDH1 mutations.

RESULTS: There was an inverse correlation of MGMT promoter methylation frequency with tumor grade, observed in 79.4%, 70.8%, and 56.8% of grade II, grade III, and grade IV gliomas, respectively.

The difference was statistically significant in grade II vs IV tumors (P = .036). The majority of cases with 1p/19q loss of heterozygosity Erythromycin also showed MGMT methylation, although the association was not significant. check details There was no significant correlation of MGMT status with IDH1 mutation. In astrocytic tumors, there was no correlation of MGMT methylation with

TP53 mutation or EGFR amplification.

CONCLUSION: MGMT promoter methylation was observed in a considerable proportion of all grades and subtypes of gliomas, with no significant correlation with other known genetic alterations. On extensive literature review, in both low-and high-grade gliomas, wide variability of data on the frequency of MGMT methylation and its association with other molecular alterations from various centers was noted, mostly owing to technical causes. This raises questions regarding the capacity of this test for use as an objective and reproducible marker for customized treatment in individual cases.”
“BACKGROUND: Although coiling of intracranial aneurysms is thought to rely on obstruction of blood flow into the aneurysm and induction of intra-aneurysmal thrombosis, little data exist regarding the effect of coil deployment on hemodynamics.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of simulated coiling of a model aneurysm on flow and wall shear stress in the dome and neck regions using computational fluid dynamic analysis.

METHODS: A spherical sidewall aneurysm on a curved parent vessel underwent simulated embolization with 1 or more computer-designed helical coils.

We then discuss novel approaches to generating and analysing genetic data, emphasising the importance of an explicit hypothesis-testing approach for the inference of the origins and subsequent evolution and demography of domestic animals. By applying next-generation sequencing technology alongside appropriate biostatistical methodologies, a substantially

deeper understanding of domestication is on the horizon.”
“Conventional biomarker discovery focuses mostly on the identification of single markers and thus often has limited success in disease diagnosis and prognosis. This study proposes a method to identify an optimized protein biomarker panel based on MS studies for predicting the risk of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in patients. Since Blasticidin S concentration the simplicity and concision requirement for the development of immunoassays can only tolerate the complexity of the prediction model with a very few selected discriminative biomarkers, established

optimization https://www.selleckchem.com/products/nu7026.html methods, such as conventional genetic algorithm (CA), thus fails in the high-dimensional space. in this paper, we present a novel variant of CA that embeds the recursive local floating enhancement technique to discover a panel of protein biomarkers with far better prognostic value for prediction of MACE than existing methods, including the one approved recently by FDA (Food and Drug Administration). The new pragmatic method applies the constraints of MACE relevance and biomarker redundancy to shrink the local searching space in order to avoid heavy computation penalty Bumetanide resulted from the local floating optimization. The proposed method is compared with standard CA and other variable selection approaches based on the MACE prediction experiments. Two powerful classification techniques, partial least squares logistic regression (PLS-LR) and support vector machine classifier (SVMC), are deployed as the MACE predictors owing to their ability

in dealing with small scale and binary response data. New preprocessing algorithms, such as low-level signal processing, duplicated spectra elimination, and outliner patient’s samples removal, are also included in the proposed method. The experimental results show that an optimized panel of seven selected biomarkers can provide more than 77.1% MACE prediction accuracy using SVMC. The experimental results empirically demonstrate that the new CA algorithm with local floating enhancement (GA-LFE) can achieve the better MACE prediction performance comparing with the existing techniques. The method has been applied to SELDI/MALDI MS datasets to discover an optimized panel of protein biomarkers to distinguish disease from control.”
“Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) have elicited great interest in biomedical applications due to their extraordinary physical, chemical, and optical properties. Intravenous administration of MWCNT-based medical imaging agents and drugs in animal models was utilized.

The single administration of cocaine as well as the combined treatment with testosterone and cocaine increased both bradycardiac and tachycardiac responses of the baroreflex. Cocaine-evoked baroreflex changes were totally reversed after BNST inactivation. However, BNST inhibition in animals subjected to combined treatment with cocaine and testosterone reversed only the increase in reflex tachycardia, whereas facilitation of reflex bradycardia was not affected by local BNST treatment

with CoCl2. In conclusion, the present study provides the first direct evidence that the BNST play a role in cardiovascular changes associated with drug abuse. Our findings suggest that alterations in cardiovascular function following subchronic exposure to cocaine are mediated by neural plasticity in the BNST. The single treatment with cocaine and the combined administration of testosterone and cocaine EPZ004777 supplier had similar effects AG-120 mw on baroreflex activity, however the association with testosterone inhibited cocaine-induced changes in the BNST control of reflex bradycardia. Testosterone-induced cardiovascular changes seem to be independent

of the BNST. (C) 2013 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“To clarify the relationships between marginal zone lymphomas (MZLs) and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia/lymphoplasmacytic lymphomas (WM/LPLs), immunoglobulin heavy chain variable gene (IGHV) features were analyzed and the occurrence

of MYD88 L265P mutations was identified in a series of 123 patients: 53 MZLs from the spleen (SMZLs), 11 from lymph nodes (NMZLs), 28 mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) lymphomas and 31 WM/LPLs. SMZLs were characterized by overrepresentation of IGHV1-2 gene rearrangements with a canonical motif, without selection pressure SSR128129E and with long CDR3 segments. NMZLs had increased frequencies of IGHV3 genes. The IGHV gene was unmutated in most cases, often with long CDR3 segments. MALT lymphomas were usually associated with a mutated IGHV gene, but with the absence of selection pressure. WM/LPLs were associated with an IGHV3-23 overrepresentation and high IGHV mutation rate, with features of selection pressure and short CDR3 segments. MYD88 L265P mutations were almost restricted exclusively to WM/LPL patients. Taken all diagnoses together, all patients with MYD88 L265P mutations had an immunoglobulin M peak and almost all patients except one had bone marrow infiltration. These results demonstrate that the history of antigen exposure of the four entities studied was different and MYD88 L265P was specifically associated with WM/LPLs. WM/LPL may thus be functionally associated with constitutive nuclear factor-kappa B activation. Leukemia (2013) 27, 183-189; doi:10.1038/leu.2012.257″
“Multiple myeloma (MM) is a heterogeneous group of disorders both genotypically and phenotypically.

Although bacterial TFs can recognize a specific DNA site in the genomic background, eukaryotic TFs exhibit widespread, nonfunctional binding and require clustering of sites to achieve specificity. We find support for this mechanism in a range of experimental

studies and in our evolutionary analysis of DNA-binding domains. Our systematic characterization of binding motifs provides a quantitative assessment of the differences in transcription check details regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.”
“Non-gel-based quantitative proteomics technology was used to profile protein expression differences when Fusarium graminearum was induced to produce trichothecenes in vitro. As F. graminearum synthesizes and secretes trichothecenes early in the cereal host invasion process, we hypothesized that proteins contributing to infection would also be induced under Temsirolimus supplier conditions favouring mycotoxin synthesis. Protein samples were extracted from three biological replicates of a time course study and subjected to iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification) analysis. Statistical analysis of a filtered dataset of 435 proteins revealed 130 F. graminearum proteins that exhibited significant changes in expression, of which 72 were upregulated relative to their level at the initial phase of the time course. There was good agreement between

upregulated proteins identified by 2-D PAGE/MS/MS and iTRAQ. RT-PCR and northern hybridization confirmed that genes encoding proteins which were upregulated based on iTRAQ were also transcriptionally active under mycotoxin producing conditions. Numerous candidate pathogenicity proteins were identified using this technique. These will provide leads in the search for mechanisms Palmatine and markers of host invasion and novel antifungal targets.”
“Pavlov (1927/1960) reported that

following the conditioning of several stimuli, extinction of one conditioned stimulus (CS) attenuated responding to others that had not undergone direct extinction. However, this secondary extinction effect has not been widely replicated in the contemporary literature. In three conditioned suppression experiments with rats, we further explored the phenomenon. In Experiment 1, we asked whether secondary extinction is more likely to occur with target CSs that have themselves undergone some prior extinction. A robust secondary extinction effect was obtained with a nonextinguished target CS. Experiment 2 showed that extinction of one CS was sufficient to reduce renewal of a second CS when it was tested in a neutral (nonextinction) context. In Experiment 3, secondary extinction was observed in groups that initially received intermixed conditioning trials with the target and nontarget CSs, but not in groups that received conditioning of the two CSs in separate sessions. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that CSs must be associated with a common temporal context during conditioning for secondary extinction to occur.

Such deficits are consistent with the view that the deep layers of SC are important for sensory guidance of movement. Although much of the relevant evidence involves visual control of movement, less is known about movement ARS-1620 price guidance by somatosensory input from vibrissae. Indeed, our impression is that prey contact with whiskers is

a likely stimulus to trigger predation. Moreover, SCI receives whisker and orofacial somatosensory information directly from trigeminal complex, and indirectly from zona incerta, parvicelular reticular formation and somatosensory barrel cortex. To better understand sensory guidance of predation by vibrissal information we investigated prey capture by rats after whisker removal and the role of superior colliculus (SC) by comparing Fos expression after hunting with and without whiskers. Rats were allowed to hunt cockroaches, after which their whiskers were removed. Two days CB-839 later they were allowed to hunt cockroaches again. Without whiskers the rats were less able to retain the cockroaches after capture and less able to pursue them in the event of

the cockroach escaping. The predatory behaviour of rats with re-grown whiskers returned to normal. In parallel, Fos expression in SCI induced by predation was significantly reduced in whiskerless animals. We conclude that whiskers contribute to the efficiency of rat prey capture and that the loss of vibrissal input to SCI, as reflected by reduced Phloretin Fos expression, could play a critical role in predatory deficits of whiskerless rats. (C) 2011 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The immunogenicity and durability of genetic vaccines are influenced by the composition of gene inserts and choice of delivery vector.

DNA vectors are a promising vaccine approach showing efficacy when combined in prime-boost regimens with recombinant protein or viral vectors, but they have shown limited comparative efficacy as a stand-alone platform in primates, due possibly to suboptimal gene expression or cell targeting. Here, regimens using DNA plasmids modified for optimal antigen expression and recombinant adenovirus (rAd) vectors, all encoding the glycoprotein (GP) gene from Angola Marburg virus (MARV), were compared for their ability to provide immune protection against lethal MARV Angola infection. Heterologous DNA-GP/rAd5-GP prime-boost and single-modality rAd5-GP, as well as the DNA-GP-only vaccine, prevented death in all vaccinated subjects after challenge with a lethal dose of MARV Angola. The DNA/DNA vaccine induced humoral responses comparable to those induced by a single inoculation with rAd5-GP, as well as CD4(+) and CD8(+) cellular immune responses, with skewing toward CD4(+) T-cell activity against MARV GP. Vaccine regimens containing rAd-GP, alone or as a boost, exhibited cellular responses with CD8(+) T-cell dominance.

Accordingly, SV2 and SNAP-25 were found to be co-expressed and broadly co-localised in neurons, but absent from non-neuronal cells. On the other hand, partial cleavage by

the BoNT/A protease persisted upon replacing its H-C with counterparts from BoNT/E or BoNT/B. Moreover, limited cleavage of SNAP-25 was conferred onto the protease from BoNT/E when fused to the N-terminus of BoNT/A. Thus, the BoNT/A protease is uniquely well-adapted for selectively inactivating the SNAP-25 directly involved in neurotransmission; this website this together with the toxin’s acceptor and its target being localised on the pen-somatic boutons likely contribute to its exceptional therapeutic utility in the clinic. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background New drugs, but also shorter, better-tolerated regimens are needed to tackle the high global burden of tuberculosis complicated by drug

resistance and retroviral disease. We investigated new multiple-agent combinations over the first 14 days of treatment to assess their suitability for future development.

Methods In this prospective, randomised, early bactericidal activity (EBA) study, treatment-naive, drug-susceptible patients with uncomplicated pulmonary tuberculosis were admitted to hospitals in Cape Town, South Africa, www.selleckchem.com/products/10058-f4.html between Oct 7, 2010, and Aug 19, 2011. Patients were randomised centrally by computer-generated randomisation sequence to receive bedaquiline, bedaquiline-pyrazinamide, PA-824-pyrazinamide, bedaquiline-PA-824, PA-824-moxifloxacin-pyrazinamide, or unmasked selleck chemicals standard antituberculosis treatment as positive control. The primary outcome was the 14-day EBA assessed in a central laboratory from

the daily fall in colony forming units (CFU) of M tuberculosis per mL of sputum in daily overnight sputum collections. Bilinear regression curves were fitted for each group separately and groups compared with ANOVA for ranks, followed by pair-wise comparisons adjusted for multiplicity. Clinical staff were partially masked but laboratory personnel were fully masked. This study is registered, NCT01215851.

Findings The mean 14-day EBA of PA-824-moxifloxacin-pyrazinamide (n=13; 0.233 [SD 0.128]) was significantly higher than that of bedaquiline (14; 0.061 [0.068]), bedaquiline-pyrazinamide (15; 0.131 [0.102]), bedaquiline-PA-824 (14; 0.114 [0.050]), but not PA-824-pyrazinamide (14; 0.154 [0.040]), and comparable with that of standard treatment (ten; 0.140 [0.094]). Treatments were well tolerated and appeared safe. One patient on PA-824-moxifloxacin-pyrazinamide was withdrawn because of corrected QT interval changes exceeding criteria prespecified in the protocol.

Interpretation PA-824-moxifloxacin-pyrazinamide is potentially suitable for treating drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

In the present study, we used a METH self-administration (SA) model (linked to lever pressing) to demonstrate that substitution of an NT agonist for METH, while not significantly affecting motor activity, dramatically reduced lever pressing but was not self-administered per se. We also found that nucleus accumbens NT levels were elevated via a D1 mechanism after five sessions in rats self-administering METH (SAM), with a lesser effect in corresponding

yoked rats. Extended (15 daily sessions) exposure to METH SA manifested similar NT responses; however, more detailed analyses revealed (i) 15 days of METH SA significantly elevated NT levels in the nucleus accumbens shell and dorsal striatum, but not the nucleus accumbens core, with a lesser effect in the corresponding yoked METH rats; (ii) the elevation of NT in both the nucleus accumbens shell check details and dorsal striatum significantly correlated with the total amount of METH received in the self-administering, but not the corresponding yoked METH rats; and (iii) an NT agonist blocked, but an NT antagonist did not alter, lever-pressing behavior on day 15 in SAM rats. After 5 days

in SAM animals, NT levels were also elevated in the ventral tegmental area, but not frontal cortex of rats self-administering METH. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of IBRO.”
“The events leading to death in severe cases of Lassa AZD2281 mw fever (LF) are unknown. Fatality seems to be linked to high viremia and immunosuppression, and cellular immunity, rather than neutralizing antibodies, appears to be essential for survival. We previously compared Lassa virus (LV) with its genetically close find more but nonpathogenic homolog Mopeia virus (MV), which was used to model nonfatal LF. We showed that strong and early activation of

antigen-presenting cells (APC) may play a crucial role in controlling infection. Here we developed an in vitro model of dendritic-cell (DC)-T-cell coculture in order to characterize human T-cell responses induced by MV- or LV-infected DCs. Our results show very different responses to infection with LV and MV. MV strongly and durably stimulated CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells, showing early and high activation, a strong proliferative response, and acquisition of effector and memory phenotypes. Furthermore, robust and functional CD4(+) and CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were generated. LV, however, induced only weak memory responses. Thus, this study allows an improved understanding of the pathogenesis and immune mechanisms involved in the control of human LV.”
“Cardinal numbers serve two logically complementary functions. They tell us how many things are within a set, and they tell us whether two sets are equivalent or not.

These findings provide a neurobiological basis for the participation of retinoids in the regulation of various hypothalamic functions. As shown earlier, the co-localization of RAR alpha in CRH neurons suggests that retinoids might directly modulate the KU55933 supplier hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in the PVN, which may have implications for the stress response and its involvement in mood disorders. Functional studies in the other sites of RAR alpha localization have to follow in the future. (C) 2011 IBRO. Published

by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: Repeated puncture is a mechanical injury to the hemodialysis accesses. We systemically observed the vascular changes at the puncture segments of arteriovenous fistulas.

Methods. The native arteriovenous fistulas in 104 patients on maintenance hcmodialysis using the this website buttonhole technique Ibr puncture were studied. We used the duplex scan to observe the intimal lesions, the maximal diameters at the arterial and venous puncture segments, and the references.

Results: Intimal lesions were found in 42% and 40% of the arterial and venous puncture segments, none of which resulted in significant lumina stenosis. The differences between diameters at the arterial or venous

puncture segments and the orresponding references were significant (arterial, 11.07 +/- 4.45 vs 6.85 +/- 2.35 mm, P < .001; venous, 8.82 +/- 4.13 vs 5.54 +/- 2.22 mm, P < .001). All segments, except only three arterial and four venous puncture segments, were larger than the corresponding references. The degree of vascular dilatation, defined as the diameter difference between the puncture segments and the references calibrated by

the reference diameter, were 64.1 +/- 49.6% at arterial puncture segments and 69.9 +/- 42.2% at venous segments. Multivariate analysis revealed that the patient age and the puncture duration were strongly correlated with the degree of vascular dilatation at both the arterial (P = .018 and .007, respectively) and venous puncture segments (P = .020 and .011, respectively).

Conclusion: Puncture of arteriovenous fistula using a buttonhole technique resulted in a consistent vascular dilatation and moderately high incidence of Mutual thickness, but no significant luminal stenosis was found. (J Vase Surg 2010;52:669-73.)”
“Drug Tideglusib addiction is associated with altered dopamine (DA) neurotransmission in the basal ganglia. We have previously shown that chronic stimulation of the dopamine D2 receptor (D(2)R) with cocaine results in reduced striatal DA terminal density. The aims of this study were to establish whether this reduction in DA terminal density results in reduced striatal DA release and increased cocaine-seeking behaviour and whether D(2)R antagonism can restore the cocaine-induced alterations in DA neurotransmission and drug-seeking behaviour.

Crown Copyright (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“In fetal sheep, circulating androgens influence fetal stress responsiveness and the timing of parturition. Nevertheless, little is known about the presence and development of androgen receptors (ARs) in the fetal brain. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that expression of androgen receptor this website occurs in fetal brain and pituitary, and that the abundance of the AR is ontogenetically regulated. We isolated mRNA from pituitary, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and brainstem in fetal sheep that were 80, 100, 120, 130, and 145-day gestation, and I and

7 days postnatal (n=4-5 per group). Using real-time RT-PCR, we measured mRNA expression levels of the receptor in these brain regions and pituitary. In a separate study, we isolated protein Selleckchem LGK974 from the same brain regions in fetal sheep

that were 80 (n = 3), 120 (n = 4), and 145 (n = 4) days. AR mRNA expression in hypothalamus increased in late gestation, starting at 145 days, and increasing progressively after birth. A trend of increasing AR protein in hypothalamus was not significant. AR mRNA expression in pituitary was elevated after 80 days gestation, but with no further increases or decreases in late gestation, while AR protein increased significantly at the end of gestation. In hippocampus and brainstem AR mRNA was constant throughout the latter half of gestation, and AR protein was below the sensitivity of our Western blot assay. We conclude that the fetal brain and pituitary are target sites for circulating androgens or androgen precursors in fetal plasma, and we speculate that the increase in hypothalamic action of androgens immediately prior to birth might be integral to the timing of parturition. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“There is a growing body of evidence implicating the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the pathogenesis of

schizophrenia. As circulating BDNF levels may reflect the tuclazepam BDNF levels in the brain, we assessed serum BDNF in 40 institutionalized schizophrenic patients and 20 healthy controls. Serum BNDF levels were significantly increased in schizophrenic patients when compared to control subjects (p < 0.001). Interestingly, serum BDNF correlated positively with the clinical scores at the negative subscale of the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) (r= 0.41; p < 0.01). Our results confirm the emergent literature on the involvement of BDNF in schizophrenia. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Bis(7)-tacrine, a promising anti-Alzheimer’s dimer, has been shown to have multiple neuroprotective activities in vitro. Here, we investigate whether bis(7)-tacrine attenuates focal cerebral ischemic impairment in vivo. Cerebral ischemia was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by transient (2 h) middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by 24h of reperfusion.

9 (+/- 5.3) marijuana cigarettes/day, were maintained on placebo and mirtazapine (30 mg/day) for 14 days each. Medication administration began outpatient prior to each 8-day inpatient phase. On the first inpatient

day of each medication condition, participants smoked active marijuana (study 1: 3.3% THC; study 2: 6.2% THC). For the next 3 days, they could self-administer placebo marijuana (abstinence phase), followed by 4 days in AZD5153 which they could self-administer active marijuana (relapse phase); participants paid for self-administered marijuana using study earnings.

In study 1, during active marijuana smoking, baclofen dose-dependently decreased craving for tobacco and marijuana, but had little effect on mood during abstinence and did not decrease relapse. Baclofen also worsened cognitive performance H 89 in vivo regardless of marijuana condition. In study 2, mirtazapine improved sleep during abstinence, and robustly increased food

intake, but had no effect on withdrawal symptoms and did not decrease marijuana relapse.

Overall, this human laboratory study did not find evidence to suggest that either baclofen or mirtazapine showed promise for the potential treatment of marijuana dependence.”
“Identification of markers of enteric neurons has contributed substantially to our understanding of the development, normal physiology, and pathology of the gut. Previously identified markers of the enteric nervous system can be used to label all or most neuronal structures or for examining individual cells

by labeling just the nucleus or cell body. Most of these markers are excellent but have some limitations. Transmembrane protein 100 (TMEM100) is a gene at locus 17q32 encoding a 134-amino acid protein with two hypothetical transmembrane domains. TMEM100 expression has not been reported in adult mammalian tissues but does appear in the ventral neural tube of embryonic mice and plays a role in signaling pathways associated with development Regorafenib of the enteric nervous system. We showed that TMEM100 messenger RNA is expressed in the gastrointestinal tract and demonstrated that TMEM100 is a membrane-associated protein. Furthermore TMEM100 immunoreactivity was restricted to enteric neurons and vascular tissue in the muscularis propria of all regions of the mouse and human gastrointestinal tract. TMEM100 immunoreactivity colocalized with labeling for the pan-neuronal marker protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) but not with the glial marker S100 beta or Kit, a marker of interstitial cells of Cajal. The signaling molecule, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 4, was also expressed in enteric neurons of the human colon and co-localized with TMEM100. TMEM100 is also expressed in neuronal cell bodies and fibers in the mouse brain and dorsal root ganglia. We conclude that TMEM100 is a novel, membrane-associated marker for enteric nerves and is as effective as PGP9.5 for identifying neuronal structures in the gastrointestinal tract.